C925 Earth: Inside and Out
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Free C925 Earth: Inside and Out Questions
1. When a massive submarine landslide triggered by an earthquake rapidly displaces a huge volume of water along a coastal margin, generating a series of long-wavelength waves that travel across entire ocean basins at jet speeds and devastate distant shorelines hours later, which specific type of oceanic hazard has been unleashed?
- Storm surge
- Rogue wave
- Tsunami
- Seiche
Explanation
Tsunamis are seismic sea waves generated primarily by sudden vertical displacement of the seafloor during undersea earthquakes, though landslides and volcanic collapses can also trigger them. Unlike wind waves, tsunamis have wavelengths of hundreds of kilometers and travel at 700–900 km/h in deep water, arriving as rapidly rising walls of water that inundate coasts, as seen in the 2004 Indian Ocean disaster.
2. Which layer of Earth generates the planet’s magnetic field?
- Crust
- Mantle
- Outer core
- Inner core
Explanation
Earth’s magnetic field is produced by the geodynamo process in the outer core, where convective motion of molten iron and nickel generates electric currents that create a self-sustaining magnetic field. This liquid outer core acts like a giant spinning conductor, protecting the planet from solar wind and enabling compass navigation. Seismic evidence shows S-waves cannot pass through this layer, confirming its liquid state essential for dynamo action.
3. Which fault type is responsible for the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake?
- Normal
- Reverse
- Thrust
- Strike-slip
Explanation
The San Andreas Fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault where the Pacific Plate slides northwest past the North American Plate. Horizontal motion along this transform boundary released centuries of strain in 1906, rupturing 477 km and producing shaking that destroyed much of San Francisco.
4. What does the Richter scale actually measure?
- Damage caused
- Energy released
- Wave amplitude on seismograms
- Intensity felt by people
Explanation
The Richter scale, developed in 1935, measures the maximum amplitude of seismic waves recorded on a specific type of seismograph corrected for distance. Each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in amplitude and roughly 31 times more energy released. While modern scales like moment magnitude (Mw) are preferred for large earthquakes, the Richter scale remains widely understood as a quick estimate of an earthquake’s size based on wave amplitude.
5. Which natural hazard is measured using the Fujita or Enhanced Fujita scale?
- Earthquake
- Hurricane
- Tornado
- Volcano
Explanation
The Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale rates tornado intensity from EF0 to EF5 based on observed damage to structures and vegetation. Developed after the original Fujita scale, it uses 28 damage indicators to estimate wind speeds, with EF5 tornadoes exceeding 322 km/h.
6. Which zone contains groundwater that completely fills all pore spaces?
- Zone of aeration
- Water table
- Zone of saturation
- Aquifer
Explanation
The zone of saturation is the subsurface layer where every available pore space and crack in rock or sediment is completely filled with groundwater. Above it lies the zone of aeration, where pores contain both air and water, and the boundary between them is the water table. Water in the zone of saturation flows slowly under gravity and pressure, supplying wells and springs, and forms the reservoir for most of Earth’s accessible freshwater outside of surface bodies.
7. Which structure allows water to flow naturally to the surface without pumping?
- Ordinary well
- Springs
- Artesian well
- Reservoir
Explanation
An artesian well taps a confined aquifer sandwiched between impermeable layers, where water is under pressure from higher elevation recharge areas. When the well is drilled, this natural pressure forces water up and sometimes out of the ground as a flowing artesian well. Historic examples in Paris and parts of the Great Artesian Basin in Australia supplied cities long before electric pumps existed.
8. Which seismic waves travel the fastest and arrive first at seismograph stations?
- S-waves
- Surface waves
- Love waves
- P-waves
Explanation
P-waves, also known as primary or compressional waves, are the fastest seismic waves and always arrive first at recording stations during an earthquake. They travel by compressing and expanding the material they pass through, similar to sound waves moving through air, and can propagate through solids, liquids, and gases. Their speed ranges from 5 to 8 km/s in the crust and up to 13 km/s near the core, allowing them to outrun all other wave types and provide the critical early warning seconds used in modern earthquake alert systems.
9. Which earthquake wave causes horizontal shearing motion parallel to the ground surface?
- P-wave
- S-wave
- Love wave
- Rayleigh wave
Explanation
Love waves are surface seismic waves that move the ground side-to-side perpendicular to their travel direction, causing severe damage to building foundations. Discovered by A.E.H. Love, they travel faster than Rayleigh waves and are especially destructive in soft sediments.
10. Which volcano type is small, steep, and made mostly of pyroclastic fragments like scoria?
- Shield
- Composite
- Cinder cone
- Lava dome
Explanation
Cinder cones form rapidly from gas-charged lava ejected as fragments that cool in the air and pile up around the vent, creating steep slopes of loose scoria and ash. They are the simplest and smallest volcano type, rarely exceeding 300 meters in height. Paricutin in Mexico famously grew from a cornfield to a 400-meter cone in just nine years through strombolian eruptions.
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