Foundation Exam #5 Summer 2025 at Denver College of Nursing
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Free Foundation Exam #5 Summer 2025 at Denver College of Nursing Questions
Which of the following would be most important for the nurse to monitor in a client who has obstructive sleep apnea?
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Respiratory status
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Cardiac function
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Integumentary status
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GI/GU status
Explanation
Clients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) experience repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to periods of apnea and hypoxia. The most important priority for the nurse is to monitor respiratory status, including oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and effort, to detect hypoventilation or oxygen desaturation. Close respiratory monitoring helps prevent complications such as hypoxemia, cardiac dysrhythmias, or respiratory arrest.
The nurse administers 0.9% Normal Saline intravenous (IV) to a client. In which direction will the fluid shift?
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Hypertonic to Homeostatic
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Extracellular to Intracellular
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No net movement
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Intracellular to Extracellular
Explanation
0.9% Normal Saline (NS) is an isotonic solution, meaning it has the same osmolarity as plasma. Because the solute concentration is equal inside and outside the body’s cells, there is no osmotic gradient to cause fluid to shift between compartments. This maintains the balance between the intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes. Isotonic fluids are commonly used for fluid resuscitation and volume replacement without altering cell size.
A nurse is caring for a client who expresses overwhelming stress due to a number of life stressors all occurring at once. Which of the following would be the least helpful for stress reduction for this client?
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Music Therapy
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Receiving a massage
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Medication
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Probiotics
Explanation
Probiotics are beneficial for gut health and digestion but have no direct, proven effect on reducing psychological stress. While some studies suggest a connection between gut health and mood regulation, probiotics are not considered an evidence-based intervention for managing acute or overwhelming stress.
A nurse is teaching a postoperative client how to perform deep breathing and coughing exercises. The nurse knows that which method of instruction is most appropriate in this situation?
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Explanations with time for questions
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Internet research conducted by the client
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Return demonstration
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A pamphlet from the American Lung Association
Explanation
A return demonstration allows the nurse to assess the client’s understanding and technique in performing deep breathing and coughing exercises, which are essential to prevent postoperative complications such as atelectasis and pneumonia. This method ensures that the client can perform the skill correctly and safely while giving the nurse an opportunity to correct any mistakes immediately.
A student nurse is working on a busy medical/surgical floor. When asked by the client how much fluid the client should be taking daily, the student nurse knows the correct answer would be:
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3000 mL daily
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2300 mL daily
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1800 mL daily
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1000 mL daily
Explanation
The average adult requires about 2300 mL (2.3 liters) of fluid per day to maintain proper hydration and support normal physiological functions such as circulation, temperature regulation, and waste elimination. Fluid needs may vary depending on age, activity level, and health status, but 2 to 3 liters daily is the general guideline for healthy adults without fluid restrictions.
A client has just been diagnosed with narcolepsy. The nurse provides an educational session and teaches the client to avoid which one of the following?
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Having someone else drive them
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Daytime naps
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Operating dangerous machinery at work
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Stimulants to help keep the client awake
Explanation
Clients with narcolepsy experience sudden, uncontrollable episodes of sleep that can occur during any activity, posing a serious safety risk. Therefore, they must avoid operating dangerous machinery or driving until their condition is well controlled with medical treatment. These precautions prevent injury to themselves and others. Safety education is a key part of nursing care for clients with narcolepsy.
During a dressing change, the client tells the nurse that he closes his eyes and thinks about waves coming up on the beach. He states this helps with pain and anxiety associated with dressing changes. The nurse recognizes this client is using which CAM practice?
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Tai Chi
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Reiki Therapy
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Guided Imagery
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Prayer
Explanation
Guided imagery is a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practice that uses mental visualization to promote relaxation and reduce pain or anxiety. By imagining soothing scenes, such as ocean waves or peaceful landscapes, the client can calm the mind, reduce stress responses, and lower pain perception. It is often used during medical procedures, wound care, or anxiety-provoking situations to enhance comfort.
A nurse is taking care of a 24-year-old client. The client exhibits signs of muscle weakness and paralysis through the day. The nurse suspects which complication?
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Drowsiness
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Narcolepsy
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Sleep apnea
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Cataplexy
Explanation
Cataplexy is a sudden and temporary episode of muscle weakness or paralysis triggered by strong emotions such as laughter, anger, or surprise. It is often associated with narcolepsy, a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness. During cataplexy, the client remains conscious but unable to move, and muscle tone is suddenly lost. The nurse should assess for additional symptoms of narcolepsy and ensure safety during these episodes.
A client with fluid volume deficit has oxygen saturation level of 90%, serum sodium of 142 mEq/L, serum chloride 106 mEq/L, serum magnesium 2.2 mg/dL, albumin 4 g/dL, AST 30 U/L, and serum potassium of 2.9 mEq/L from daily labs. The nurse reports to the healthcare provider her assessment and lab findings. Which laboratory result is critical and should the nurse have the HCP repeat back?
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Chloride 106 mEq/L
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Magnesium 2.2 mg/dL
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Potassium 2.9 mEq/L
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Sodium 142 mEq/L
Explanation
A potassium level of 2.9 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia, which is a critical electrolyte imbalance. Potassium is essential for cardiac electrical conduction and muscle contraction. Low levels can cause life-threatening arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and respiratory compromise. This finding must be reported immediately, and the nurse should have the provider repeat back the value to confirm understanding and ensure prompt intervention, such as potassium replacement and cardiac monitoring.
The nurse is caring for a client with hyperkalemia. The nurse knows that which body system assessment is a priority?
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Neurological
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Cardiac
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Respiratory
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Gastrointestinal
Explanation
Hyperkalemia (elevated serum potassium) primarily affects the cardiac system because potassium plays a critical role in the electrical conduction of the heart. High potassium levels can lead to life-threatening dysrhythmias, including bradycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest. The nurse should prioritize continuous cardiac monitoring and assess for ECG changes such as peaked T waves, widened QRS complexes, and prolonged PR intervals.
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