Foundation Exam #5 Summer 2025 at Denver College of Nursing
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Free Foundation Exam #5 Summer 2025 at Denver College of Nursing Questions
1. When teaching a client, it would be ideal for the nurse to ensure the following for an optimal teaching environment: Select all that apply. One, some, or all options may be correct.
- A well-lit space
- An area free of distractions
- In the cafeteria
- Meeting at the nurse’s station to talk
Explanation
A. A well-lit space: A well-lit environment helps the client clearly see teaching materials, written instructions, and demonstrations. Proper lighting enhances concentration and prevents visual strain, allowing the client to engage fully in the teaching session. It is especially important for older adults or clients with impaired vision to ensure they can read handouts and observe procedures accurately. B. An area free of distractions: A quiet, private space minimizes interruptions and noise that can interfere with comprehension and retention. Teaching in a distraction-free area helps the client focus entirely on the information being shared, improving understanding and recall. It also promotes open communication, allowing the client to ask questions without embarrassment or external pressure.
2. The client and the nurse discuss the need for sleep. After the discussion, the client is able to state factors that may affect sleep. Which statements indicate that the client has a good understanding of sleep? Select all that apply. One, some, or all options may be correct.
- "Worrying about my love life won't affect my sleep."
- "If I drink 4 alcoholic beverages it won't affect my sleep at all."
- "Staying out late with coworkers during the week could affect my sleep."
- "Drinking caffeinated coffee at 7 pm could affect my sleep."
Explanation
C. "Staying out late with coworkers during the week could affect my sleep.": Irregular sleep schedules and staying out late can disrupt the body’s circadian rhythm, making it harder to fall asleep or maintain restful sleep. Consistency in bedtime routines supports better sleep quality. D. "Drinking caffeinated coffee at 7 pm could affect my sleep.": Caffeine is a stimulant that can remain active in the body for several hours, delaying sleep onset and reducing overall sleep time and quality, especially when consumed in the evening.
3. A nurse is caring for a client with a potassium of 2.9 mmol/L. The nurse should anticipate the following order from the healthcare provider (HCP):
- Assess respiratory status every 2 hours.
- Perform GI/GU assessments hourly.
- Conduct neurological assessments Q2H.
- Start cardiac monitoring immediately.
Explanation
A potassium level of 2.9 mmol/L indicates hypokalemia, which can cause serious cardiac dysrhythmias due to altered electrical conduction in the heart. The nurse should anticipate an order to initiate continuous cardiac monitoring to detect arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), ventricular tachycardia, or cardiac arrest. Monitoring allows for prompt recognition and intervention if cardiac instability occurs.
4. A nurse is aware of several of her clients using complementary medicine. In the United States, there are approximately what percent of clients using some type of complementary or alternative medicine?
- One-half
- Two-thirds
- One-tenth
- One-fourth
Explanation
Approximately one-half (about 50%) of adults in the United States report using some form of complementary or alternative medicine (CAM), such as herbal remedies, acupuncture, yoga, meditation, or massage therapy. Many people use CAM alongside conventional medical treatments to promote wellness, manage chronic conditions, or relieve stress. Nurses must be aware of these practices to assess for potential interactions and ensure safe, coordinated care.
5. The UAP has been tasked with collecting and charting the client’s overall output. Which of the following are within the scope of the UAP? Select all that apply. One, some, or all options may be correct.
- Emesis
- Diarrhea
- Urine
- Beverages consumed during breakfast
- IV Fluids
Explanation
A. Emesis: Measuring and documenting vomit (emesis) output is within the UAP’s scope of practice, as it is a measurable bodily output. The nurse will later interpret and evaluate the significance of the findings. B. Diarrhea: UAPs can observe, measure, and document stool output (including diarrhea). They should report abnormal color, consistency, or frequency to the nurse. C. Urine: Recording urine output is a basic responsibility of the UAP. Accurate measurement is essential for monitoring hydration and kidney function.
6. A new nurse is orienting in the operating room. The nurse knows that a "Time Out" before putting the client to sleep for surgery is important for what reason:
- Time Outs consist of only the circulating nurse and scrub nurse, not the healthcare provider (HCP).
- Time Outs ensure a client has had a head-to-toe assessment performed.
- Time Outs help to ensure the correct client and procedure thus keeping them safe.
- Time Outs are not really necessary and can be skipped if there's no time to perform it.
Explanation
A “Time Out” is a mandatory safety protocol performed immediately before a surgical procedure begins. It involves the entire surgical team — including the surgeon, anesthesiologist, circulating nurse, and scrub nurse — pausing to confirm the correct patient, procedure, and surgical site. This step prevents serious errors such as wrong-site, wrong-procedure, or wrong-patient surgery and is a critical component of the Joint Commission’s Universal Protocol for Patient Safety.
7. The client and the nurse discuss the need for sleep. After the discussion, the client is able to state factors that hinder sleep. Which statements indicate the client has a good understanding of the teaching? Select all that apply. One, some, or all options may be correct.
- Changing the time of day that I eat dinner can disrupt sleep.
- Taking an antacid can decrease sleep.
- Exercising 2 hours before bedtime can decrease relaxation.
- Worrying about work can disrupt my sleep.
- Staying up late for a party can interrupt sleep patterns.
- Drinking coffee at 7 PM could interrupt my sleep.
Explanation
A. Changing the time of day that I eat dinner can disrupt sleep: Irregular eating patterns, especially eating heavy meals late at night, can cause indigestion or discomfort, making it harder to fall asleep or stay asleep. C. Exercising 2 hours before bedtime can decrease relaxation: Vigorous physical activity close to bedtime stimulates the body and raises core temperature, making it more difficult to relax and initiate sleep. Exercise should be completed at least several hours before bedtime. D. Worrying about work can disrupt my sleep: Stress, anxiety, and overthinking activate the sympathetic nervous system, keeping the mind alert and interfering with the ability to relax and fall asleep. E. Staying up late for a party can interrupt sleep patterns: Irregular sleep schedules and staying up late can disturb circadian rhythms, leading to difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep quality. F. Drinking coffee at 7 PM could interrupt my sleep: Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant that can remain in the body for several hours, delaying sleep onset and reducing total sleep time.
8. A nurse is caring for a client who expresses overwhelming stress due to a number of life stressors all occurring at once. Which of the following would be the least helpful for stress reduction for this client?
- Music Therapy
- Receiving a massage
- Medication
- Probiotics
Explanation
Probiotics are beneficial for gut health and digestion but have no direct, proven effect on reducing psychological stress. While some studies suggest a connection between gut health and mood regulation, probiotics are not considered an evidence-based intervention for managing acute or overwhelming stress.
9. During a morning assessment, the nurse notes agitation in the client. When asked, the client states that they woke up suddenly and was unable to move. The nurse knows that this is referred to as:
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Sleep Paralysis
- Cataplexy
- Narcolepsy
Explanation
Sleep paralysis occurs when a person wakes up or is about to fall asleep and is temporarily unable to move or speak. It happens when the brain awakens from REM sleep, but the body’s muscle atonia (paralysis during REM) persists briefly. This can cause significant fear or agitation, though it is typically harmless and resolves within seconds to minutes.
10. A client's labs have just resulted in the EHR. The nurse notes which of the following laboratory values is an acidotic pH?
- pH of 7.38
- pH of 7.4
- pH of 7.0
- pH of 7.7
Explanation
The normal blood pH range is 7.35 to 7.45. A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, meaning there is an excess of hydrogen ions or a loss of bicarbonate, which can result from conditions such as respiratory failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, or renal dysfunction. A pH of 7.0 is significantly acidotic and can lead to impaired cellular function and cardiac instability if not corrected promptly.
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