D397 Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health
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Free D397 Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health Questions
1. In the context of public health, how does social justice differ from market justice in addressing health disparities?
- Social justice prioritizes individual choice and personal responsibility over community welfare.
- Market justice advocates for government intervention to ensure equitable health outcomes for all.
- Social justice emphasizes the role of societal structures in creating health inequities, while market justice focuses on individual accountability.
- Market justice seeks to redistribute resources to achieve health equity among different populations.
Explanation
Social justice in public health focuses on the societal structures and systemic factors that create health inequities. It emphasizes the collective responsibility to ensure equitable access to health resources and opportunities for all, particularly marginalized populations. In contrast, market justice stresses individual accountability and personal responsibility for health outcomes, often assuming that health is primarily determined by personal effort and the ability to pay, with minimal emphasis on systemic disparities. Understanding this distinction helps guide policies and interventions that address root causes of health inequities.
2. Evaluations of the efficacy of mass media health appeals suggest that
- Media appeals are often important sources of information for alerting the public to unknown health risks.
- Messages are often too concrete and specific, and thus it is difficult to glean useful information from mass media appeals.
- Mass media campaigns are successful at bringing about long-term change.
- Including specific recommendations about health-related behaviors diminishes individual perceptions of self-efficacy.
- Mass media messages are unrelated to shifts in the cultural climate.
Explanation
Mass media health appeals are valuable tools for disseminating information and raising awareness about previously unknown health risks. While they may not always lead to immediate or long-term behavior change on their own, they play a critical role in informing the public and shaping perceptions about health threats. By alerting large populations to emerging risks, mass media campaigns can influence knowledge and attitudes, which are important precursors to behavior change and policy support.
3. Useful to consider when using social justice as a framework for community nursing practice
- tend to be more concerned with the ethical use of power in health care
- tends to view persons relationally as unique, connected to others, and interdependent; that is, vulnerable and unequal in power
- tends to elicit concern for issues of everyday life and not primarily with crisis issues
Explanation
Using social justice as a framework in community nursing practice emphasizes viewing persons relationally, recognizing their connections to others, and acknowledging vulnerabilities and unequal power dynamics. This approach helps nurses consider systemic factors that influence health, advocate for equitable care, and address social determinants that contribute to disparities. By understanding interdependence and structural inequalities, nurses can design interventions that are ethical, culturally sensitive, and socially responsible.
4. All individuals have the opportunity to attain their full health potential and should not be disadvantaged by their individual characteristics or social or economic circumstances. Which is this?
- Health Equity
- Social Determinants of Health
- Intersectionality
- Evidence-based practice
- Health impact assessment
Explanation
This description defines health equity, which ensures that everyone has fair and just opportunities to achieve optimal health. Health equity addresses systemic barriers created by social determinants such as income, education, and access to healthcare, and seeks to eliminate disadvantages that prevent certain populations from attaining their full health potential. It is a fundamental principle in public health aimed at promoting fairness and reducing disparities in health outcomes.
5. Which of the following is an example of a health disparity that represents inequality but is not unjust or inequitable?
- An unhealthy, stressful living environment
- Insufficient access to essential health-care services
- Freely chosen health-damaging behaviors
- Health behaviors resulting from restricted options
Explanation
Freely chosen health-damaging behaviors represent a health disparity that is an inequality but not necessarily unjust or inequitable because the individual is exercising personal choice. While such behaviors may lead to poorer health outcomes, they are not imposed by social, economic, or structural barriers. In contrast, disparities resulting from restricted options or lack of access to essential resources are considered unjust and inequitable, as they stem from systemic inequalities rather than personal decisions.
6. What is a key characteristic of ethical dilemmas in public health decision-making?
- They always have a clear right or wrong answer.
- They involve competing ethical principles that may conflict with one another.
- They are solely based on individual preferences and opinions.
- They can be resolved without any loss or compromise.
Explanation
Ethical dilemmas in public health often arise when competing ethical principles, such as individual autonomy, justice, beneficence, and nonmaleficence, conflict with one another. Decisions in these contexts are rarely straightforward and require careful consideration of trade-offs, potential harms, and benefits to the population. Public health professionals must weigh these competing values to make decisions that maximize overall health while minimizing inequities and ethical violations.
7. Which of the following best describes the primary goal of mass media campaigns in public health?
- To promote individual health insurance plans
- To influence public health behaviors and increase awareness of health issues
- To provide detailed medical advice to patients
- To conduct clinical trials for new medications
Explanation
The primary goal of mass media campaigns in public health is to influence behaviors and increase awareness about health issues at a population level. These campaigns use various media channels to disseminate information, encourage healthy behaviors, and educate the public about disease prevention and health promotion. Unlike clinical care or individualized medical advice, mass media campaigns target broad audiences to create widespread impact and promote public health objectives.
8. The CDC describes health equity as:
- When everyone has the opportunity to be as healthy as possible
- preventable differences in the burden of violence are reduced without any home that they can be eliminated
- Advantaged groups hire socially disadvantaged people so they have access to private health insurance coverage
- none of the above
Explanation
The CDC defines health equity as the condition in which everyone has the opportunity to attain their full health potential, without being disadvantaged by social, economic, or environmental factors. This definition emphasizes the elimination of barriers and disparities that prevent certain populations from achieving optimal health. Health equity is not merely about providing equal resources but ensuring fair opportunities and addressing systemic inequities that affect health outcomes.
9. Which of the following best describes the role of advocacy in addressing Social Determinants of Health (SDoH)?
- Advocacy focuses solely on individual health behaviors.
- Advocacy aims to influence policies that address systemic factors affecting health.
- Advocacy is primarily concerned with promoting medical advancements.
- Advocacy seeks to eliminate all health-related regulations.
Explanation
Advocacy in the context of Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) seeks to influence policies and systems that shape the social, economic, and environmental conditions affecting health. This involves addressing root causes of health disparities such as housing, education, employment, and access to care, rather than solely focusing on individual behaviors. Effective advocacy empowers communities and drives systemic change to promote health equity and reduce disparities at a population level.
10. Which of the following is/are an example of a health inequity?
- Differences in life expectancy between men and women
- Differences in cancer diagnoses between elderly people and children
- Differences in premature mortality between people living in poverty and those who don't live in poverty - indicates social structure
- Differences in life expectancy between people living in Saskatchewan and people living in Manitoba
Explanation
Health inequities are unfair and avoidable differences in health outcomes caused by social, economic, or environmental disadvantages. Differences in premature mortality between people living in poverty and those not in poverty reflect inequities because they are linked to systemic factors such as access to resources, living conditions, and social determinants of health. In contrast, differences due to age or natural geographic variation are not considered inequities.
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