BIOL 204-602 SP Anatomy & Phys II Final Exam Howard Community College
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Free BIOL 204-602 SP Anatomy & Phys II Final Exam Howard Community College Questions
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Platelet plug
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Coagulation
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Vascular spasm
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Clot retraction
Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) Clot retraction.
The three classic steps of hemostasis are vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation. Clot retraction is a process that occurs after hemostasis is complete, where the platelets in the formed clot contract and pull the wound edges closer together to facilitate healing. While clot retraction is part of the overall wound repair process, it is not one of the three primary steps of hemostasis itself.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Platelet plug formation is the second step of hemostasis, where platelets adhere to exposed collagen at the site of vessel injury, become activated, and aggregate together to form a temporary mechanical plug that seals the damaged vessel wall.
B. Coagulation is the third step of hemostasis, involving the coagulation cascade that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, creating a stable fibrin clot that reinforces and permanently seals the platelet plug.
C. Vascular spasm is the first and immediate step of hemostasis, where the damaged blood vessel undergoes vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow to the injured area, providing the initial response that slows blood loss while the platelet plug forms.
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Decrease arterial blood pressure
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Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
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Decrease water absorption
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Decrease the production of aldosterone
Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that narrows arterioles throughout the body, increasing peripheral resistance and raising blood pressure. It is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activated in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Decrease arterial blood pressure — Angiotensin II raises, not lowers, arterial blood pressure through vasoconstriction and aldosterone stimulation.
C. Decrease water absorption — Angiotensin II promotes water retention by stimulating aldosterone release and directly acting on the kidneys to increase sodium and water reabsorption.
D. Decrease the production of aldosterone — Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone production, not decrease it.
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Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
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In direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels
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Slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter
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Slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter
Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Blood flow velocity is inversely proportional to the total cross-sectional area. Capillaries have the greatest combined cross-sectional area of any vessel type, so blood moves most slowly there, allowing time for gas and nutrient exchange.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
B. In direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area — Velocity is inversely, not directly, proportional to cross-sectional area.
C. Slower in the veins than in the capillaries — Veins have a large cross-sectional area but blood moves faster in veins than in capillaries.
D. Slower in the arteries than in capillaries — Arteries have a smaller total cross-sectional area than capillaries, so blood actually moves faster in arteries.
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Is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals
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Decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel
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Increases as blood viscosity increases
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Increases as blood vessel diameter increases
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Increases as blood viscosity increases
Peripheral resistance is directly proportional to blood viscosity. Thicker blood (higher viscosity) creates more friction against vessel walls, increasing resistance to flow. Conditions like polycythemia increase viscosity and therefore peripheral resistance.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals — Peripheral resistance is one of the primary determinants of blood pressure in all individuals.
B. Decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel — Resistance increases, not decreases, with vessel length due to greater friction along a longer surface.
D. Increases as blood vessel diameter increases — Larger vessel diameter decreases resistance; resistance increases when vessel diameter decreases.
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If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
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The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8.
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During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle produces more hormone.
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During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
If fertilization and implantation occur, the developing embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which mimics LH and prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating. The maintained corpus luteum continues producing progesterone to sustain the uterine lining until the placenta takes over hormone production.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
B. The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8 — The menstrual phase typically lasts from day 1 to day 5, not day 8.
C. During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle produces more hormone — During the proliferative phase, estrogen rises as the follicle develops; progesterone rises during the secretory phase after ovulation when the corpus luteum forms.
D. During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest — Estrogen peaks just before ovulation at the end of the proliferative phase; during the secretory phase, progesterone is the dominant hormone.
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Parietal cells of the stomach
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Goblet cells of the small intestine
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Chief cells of the stomach
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Brunner's glands in the duodenum
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Chief cells of the stomach
Pepsinogen is the inactive precursor to pepsin and is secreted by chief cells (also called zymogenic cells) located in the gastric glands of the stomach. Once secreted, pepsinogen is converted to active pepsin by the acidic environment created by hydrochloric acid from parietal cells.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Parietal cells of the stomach — Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, not pepsinogen.
B. Goblet cells of the small intestine — Goblet cells secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the intestinal lining and are not involved in pepsinogen production.
D. Brunner's glands in the duodenum — Brunner's glands secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid entering the duodenum and do not produce pepsinogen.
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Transporting dietary fats
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Draining excess interstitial fluid
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Transporting respiratory gases
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Carrying out immune responses
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Transporting respiratory gases
Transporting respiratory gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide is a function of the cardiovascular system, specifically the blood and red blood cells. The lymphatic system has no role in gas transport.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Transporting dietary fats — Lacteals in the small intestine absorb dietary fats and transport them via lymph to the bloodstream, a key lymphatic function.
B. Draining excess interstitial fluid — The lymphatic system collects excess fluid from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream, preventing edema.
D. Carrying out immune responses — Lymphatic organs such as lymph nodes, the spleen, and the thymus are central to mounting and coordinating immune responses.
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Phagocyte mobilization
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Complement production
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Vasodilation
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Vasoconstriction
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Vasodilation
During inflammation, local blood vessels dilate (vasodilation), increasing blood flow to the affected area. This increased blood flow, known as hyperemia, is responsible for the characteristic redness and warmth seen in inflamed tissue.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Phagocyte mobilization — While phagocytes are recruited to sites of inflammation, their mobilization does not directly cause the redness and heat associated with hyperemia.
B. Complement production — Complement proteins contribute to inflammation through other mechanisms but are not the direct cause of local hyperemia.
D. Vasoconstriction — Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow and would decrease, not increase, the redness and heat in an area.
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A person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
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A person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
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The kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
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A runner has completed a very long marathon
Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) A person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
Respiratory acidosis develops when ventilation is inadequate, leading to CO₂ retention in the blood. Shallow breathing due to airway obstruction reduces the amount of CO₂ expelled, causing it to accumulate and form carbonic acid, which lowers blood pH.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. A person consumes excessive amounts of antacids — Excessive antacid intake introduces excess bicarbonate into the body, which can cause metabolic alkalosis, not respiratory acidosis.
C. The kidneys secrete hydrogen ions — Renal secretion of hydrogen ions is a compensatory mechanism that helps correct acidosis rather than cause it.
D. A runner has completed a very long marathon — Intense prolonged exercise can produce lactic acid leading to metabolic acidosis, not respiratory acidosis specifically.
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The size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries
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Protein-regulated diffusion
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The ionic electrochemical gradient
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Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force for filtration. The high blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries pushes water, ions, and small solutes through the filtration membrane into Bowman's capsule, initiating the formation of filtrate.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. The size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries — Pore size determines what can be filtered but is not the driving force behind filtration itself.
B. Protein-regulated diffusion — Filtration is a pressure-driven process, not regulated by proteins in this context; large plasma proteins are actually retained in the blood.
C. The ionic electrochemical gradient — Electrochemical gradients drive ion movement in other contexts such as nerve conduction, but glomerular filtration is driven by hydrostatic pressure, not ionic gradients.
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