BIOL 204-602 SP Anatomy & Phys II Final Exam Howard Community College
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Free BIOL 204-602 SP Anatomy & Phys II Final Exam Howard Community College Questions
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O
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B
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A
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AB
Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) O.
Blood typing works by testing whether serum containing anti-A or anti-B antibodies causes agglutination of the donor blood. Type O blood has neither A nor B antigens on the red blood cells. Because there are no A or B antigens present, neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum will cause agglutination. This absence of reaction with both serums is the defining characteristic that identifies type O blood, making it the universal donor.
Why the other options are incorrect:
B. Type B blood has B antigens on the red blood cells, so anti-B serum would cause agglutination while anti-A serum would not. This would produce a reaction with one of the serums rather than neither.
C. Type A blood has A antigens on the red blood cells, so anti-A serum would cause agglutination while anti-B serum would not. Again, one serum would produce a reaction.
D. Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on the red blood cells, so both anti-A and anti-B serums would cause agglutination. This would produce reactions with both serums rather than neither.
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Plasma cells
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T cells
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Natural killer cells
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B cells
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Natural killer cells
Natural killer cells are innate immune cells that provide rapid, non-specific defense against infected and cancerous cells without requiring prior exposure to an antigen. They are a key cellular component of innate immunity.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Plasma cells — Plasma cells are differentiated B cells that secrete antibodies and are components of the adaptive immune system.
B. T cells — T cells are lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system that require antigen recognition and activation.
D. B cells — B cells are part of the adaptive humoral immune response, producing antibodies specific to particular antigens.
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Negative pressure in the intrapleural space
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Pressure within the pleural cavity
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Difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
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Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Intrapulmonary pressure, also called alveolar pressure, refers specifically to the pressure inside the alveoli of the lungs. It fluctuates with breathing, falling below atmospheric pressure during inhalation and rising above it during exhalation.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Negative pressure in the intrapleural space — This describes intrapleural pressure, which is the pressure in the pleural cavity that is always slightly negative relative to atmospheric pressure.
B. Pressure within the pleural cavity — This again describes intrapleural pressure, not intrapulmonary pressure.
C. Difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure — This is not a standard definition of intrapulmonary pressure; no such measurement is referred to this way in respiratory physiology.
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Influx of Na+ through fast Na+ channels
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Influx of Ca2+ through slow Ca2+ channels
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Efflux of Ca2+ through fast Ca2+ channels
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Efflux of K+ through K+ channels
Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Influx of Ca2+ through slow Ca2+ channels.
The plateau phase, also known as phase 2, of the cardiac muscle action potential is unique compared to skeletal muscle and neurons and is responsible for the prolonged duration of cardiac contraction. During this phase, slow L-type calcium channels open and allow calcium to flow into the cell, maintaining the membrane potential near zero for an extended period. This calcium influx is also what triggers the release of more calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through calcium-induced calcium release, sustaining the prolonged contraction necessary for effective cardiac pumping.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. The influx of Na+ through fast sodium channels is responsible for the rapid depolarization phase, which is phase 0 of the cardiac action potential, not the plateau phase. Fast sodium channels close quickly and do not contribute to the sustained plateau.
C. Efflux of Ca2+ through fast calcium channels does not occur in this manner during the action potential. During the plateau phase, calcium is flowing into the cell rather than out of it, and calcium efflux through the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger occurs during repolarization after the plateau.
D. Efflux of K+ through potassium channels is responsible for repolarization, which is phase 3 of the cardiac action potential. When potassium channels open and K+ flows out, the membrane potential becomes more negative, ending the plateau phase and returning the cell to its resting potential.
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Lowers the patient's hematocrit
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Restores the patient's blood glucose levels
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Lowers the patient's blood volume
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Restores the oxygen-carrying capacity of the circulation
Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Lowers the patient's hematocrit.
When isotonic saline is infused to replace lost blood volume, it adds fluid to the intravascular space without adding red blood cells. This dilutes the existing red blood cells within a larger total volume, thereby lowering the hematocrit, which is the percentage of blood volume composed of red blood cells. This hemodilution effect is an expected consequence of crystalloid resuscitation without blood product replacement.
Why the other options are incorrect:
B. Isotonic saline does not contain glucose and has no effect on restoring blood glucose levels. Dextrose-containing solutions would be required to address glucose levels, not normal saline.
C. Isotonic saline expands intravascular volume by adding fluid to the circulation. It increases rather than lowers blood volume, which is the primary therapeutic goal of fluid resuscitation in a patient with blood loss.
D. Restoring oxygen-carrying capacity requires replacing red blood cells through blood transfusion, not saline infusion. Isotonic saline contains no hemoglobin and therefore cannot restore the oxygen-carrying capacity that is lost with red blood cell depletion.
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Living at higher altitude
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Injection with erythropoietin (EPO)
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Dehydration
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Prolonged or excessive fever
Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) Prolonged or excessive fever.
While fever can cause some fluid loss through sweating and increased insensible losses, it does not directly and significantly alter hematocrit through a primary physiological mechanism the way the other options do. Fever affects metabolic rate and fluid balance minimally compared to the direct and pronounced effects that altitude, EPO injection, and dehydration have on red blood cell production and plasma volume.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Living at higher altitude significantly increases hematocrit because reduced atmospheric oxygen stimulates the kidneys to produce more erythropoietin, which drives increased red blood cell production in the bone marrow to compensate for lower oxygen availability.
B. Injection with erythropoietin directly stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, causing a measurable and significant increase in hematocrit. This is why EPO is used medically for anemia and is banned as a performance-enhancing drug in athletics.
C. Dehydration causes hemoconcentration by reducing plasma volume while the number of red blood cells remains the same, resulting in a significantly higher hematocrit percentage as the red cells represent a larger proportion of the more concentrated blood volume.
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Stomach acid denatures proteins making the polypeptide chain more accessible to pepsin digestive enzymes.
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Low pH converts pepsinogen to its active form of pepsin, preventing the protease enzyme from digesting the cells that produce it.
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The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down food stuffs in preparation for absorption.
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Many potentially harmful bacteria will be prevented entry to the small intestine by stomach acid.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) The stomach's acid catabolically breaks down food stuffs in preparation for absorption
Stomach acid does not catabolically break down food molecules. Chemical digestion of macromolecules is carried out by specific enzymes such as pepsin for proteins. HCl creates the acidic environment that activates these enzymes and kills bacteria but does not itself chemically break down nutrients.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Stomach acid denatures proteins making the polypeptide chain more accessible to pepsin digestive enzymes — This is true; HCl unfolds protein structures, exposing peptide bonds for pepsin to cleave.
B. Low pH converts pepsinogen to its active form of pepsin, preventing the protease enzyme from digesting the cells that produce it — This is true; secreting pepsin as inactive pepsinogen protects chief cells from self-digestion until HCl activates it in the lumen.
D. Many potentially harmful bacteria will be prevented entry to the small intestine by stomach acid — This is true; the highly acidic gastric environment destroys most ingested pathogens before they can reach the intestines.
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Capillaries
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Veins
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Arteries
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Arterioles
Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Capillaries
Capillaries are the site of exchange between blood and tissue cells. Their walls are only one cell thick (simple squamous epithelium), allowing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products to diffuse across easily between the blood and surrounding tissues.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
B. Veins — Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart and are not specialized for nutrient and gas exchange.
C. Arteries — Arteries transport oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure and have thick walls unsuitable for exchange.
D. Arterioles — Arterioles regulate blood flow into capillary beds but are not the primary site of exchange due to their muscular walls.
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If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
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The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8.
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During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle produces more hormone.
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During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
If fertilization and implantation occur, the developing embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which mimics LH and prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating. The maintained corpus luteum continues producing progesterone to sustain the uterine lining until the placenta takes over hormone production.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
B. The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8 — The menstrual phase typically lasts from day 1 to day 5, not day 8.
C. During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle produces more hormone — During the proliferative phase, estrogen rises as the follicle develops; progesterone rises during the secretory phase after ovulation when the corpus luteum forms.
D. During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest — Estrogen peaks just before ovulation at the end of the proliferative phase; during the secretory phase, progesterone is the dominant hormone.
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Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential.
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The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.
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The fibrous cardiac skeleton forms the bulk of the heart.
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The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts
The myocardium is the thick muscular middle layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle cells responsible for the pumping action of the heart.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential — Conduction is carried out by specialized cardiac muscle cells (Purkinje fibers), not connective tissue.
C. The fibrous cardiac skeleton forms the bulk of the heart — The myocardium forms the bulk; the fibrous skeleton provides structural support and electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles.
D. The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium — The chambers are lined by the endocardium, not the endomysium (which surrounds individual muscle fibers).
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