Fundamentals of Nursing Quiz 3b Fall 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing
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Free Fundamentals of Nursing Quiz 3b Fall 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing Questions
The nurse working on a surgical unit is aware that surgical clients need an increased amount of dietary protein. Which is the correct reason for the increase in protein?
- Protein ingestion impacts feelings of well-being and helps reduce anxiety
- Dietary proteins affect and impact the metabolism of narcotic pain medications
- Protein intake satisfies hunger better while the client is on a restricted diet
- Increased dietary protein intake is essential for new cells and wound healing
Explanation
After surgery, the body requires increased protein to support the repair of tissues, synthesis of new cells, and wound healing. Protein provides the essential amino acids needed to rebuild damaged muscle and skin tissues and to produce enzymes and immune cells that promote recovery. Inadequate protein intake can delay healing, increase the risk of infection, and prolong recovery time. Therefore, a high-protein diet is critical for postoperative patients.
The client has been refusing to drink fluids and has become dehydrated. Which of the following are observation findings that you would expect to find in a client with dehydration? (Select all that apply)
- Client reports little or no urine output
- Client observed with a weak pulse
- Client observed with edema of extremities
- Client observed with full, bounding pulse
- Client complains of thirst or nausea
Explanation
A. Client reports little or no urine output:
Dehydration leads to reduced kidney perfusion, causing the body to conserve fluid by decreasing urine output (oliguria). Urine becomes concentrated and darker in color.
B. Client observed with a weak pulse:
A weak, thready pulse is a hallmark of fluid volume deficit. With less circulating volume, cardiac output drops, and the pulse becomes rapid but weak as the heart tries to compensate.
E. Client complains of thirst or nausea:
Thirst is an early compensatory response to fluid loss, signaling the body’s need for water replacement. Nausea can occur due to reduced perfusion to the gastrointestinal tract.
A client has just been diagnosed with severe hypovolemia. Which of the following statements made by the nurse would illustrate immediate intervention?
- "I should make sure to monitor my client's intake and output."
- "I need to monitor my client and make sure they void at least every 8 hours."
- "I need to start an IV now and induce rapid IV infusion immediately to correct this fluid volume deficit."
- "Persistent urinary output below 30 mL/hr may be indicative of renal failure."
Explanation
While fluid replacement is essential for treating severe hypovolemia, a nurse must not independently initiate or induce rapid IV infusion without a provider’s order. This action requires a physician or prescriber’s direction regarding the type, rate, and volume of fluid to prevent complications such as fluid overload, pulmonary edema, or cardiac strain. Acting without a proper order in this situation requires immediate intervention to ensure patient safety and adherence to scope of practice.
The nurse is providing care for an older, sedentary female client. The client admits a lack of knowledge regarding a healthy diet. Which nutrition information would be appropriate for the nurse to give the patient?
- The FDA suggests minimum daily intake of nutrients to went disease.
- The "My Plate" guidelines are visually and comprehensively complex.
- "Dietary Guidelines for Americans" only covers vegetarian diets.
- The FDA suggests minimum daily intake of nutrients to prevent disease.
Explanation
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) provides Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Daily Values (DVs) that indicate the minimum daily intake of essential nutrients required to maintain health and prevent nutritional deficiencies or disease. This guidance helps individuals—especially older adults—make informed food choices and maintain balanced nutrition for optimal health and disease prevention. The nurse should encourage the patient to follow these standards along with resources like the USDA’s MyPlate for balanced meal planning.
Which of the following is a reaction by the client's immune system to an allergen, which is a protein that once ingested causes the immune system to develop antibodies?
- Bolus feeding
- Hyperglycemia
- Food intolerance
- Food allergy
Explanation
A food allergy is an immune system response to a specific protein (allergen) found in certain foods. When the allergen is ingested, the immune system mistakenly identifies it as harmful and produces IgE antibodies, triggering the release of histamine and other chemicals. This leads to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, vomiting, wheezing, or even anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction. Common allergens include peanuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, and soy.
The nurse is assessing a patient who is showing early signs of hypoxia. What should the nurse expect to find on her assessment? (Select all that apply)
- Cyanosis
- Agitation
- Tachypnea
- Restlessness
- Bradycardia
Explanation
B. Agitation:
Agitation occurs as one of the earliest signs of hypoxia due to inadequate oxygen delivery to the brain. The body and mind respond with anxiety, irritability, or confusion as oxygen levels begin to drop.
C. Tachypnea:
In response to decreased oxygen levels, the respiratory rate increases (tachypnea) to compensate and deliver more oxygen to the tissues. This is an early compensatory mechanism to prevent further hypoxia.
D. Restlessness:
Restlessness is an early neurologic sign of hypoxia. The brain is highly sensitive to oxygen deprivation, and this manifests as unease, inability to focus, or constant movement in the patient.
The nurse’s morning assessment of a client who has a history of heart failure reveals the presence of 2+ pitting edema in the client’s ankles and feet bilaterally. This assessment finding is suggestive of:
- Hyponatremia
- Metabolic acidosis
- Fluid volume excess
- Hypovolemia
Explanation
Fluid volume excess (hypervolemia) occurs when there is an abnormal retention of sodium and water in the body, leading to tissue swelling and edema. In patients with heart failure, the heart’s decreased pumping ability causes venous congestion, resulting in 2+ pitting edema—a sign of fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces, particularly in dependent areas like the ankles and feet. The nurse should monitor daily weights, lung sounds, and intake/output closely to assess the severity of fluid overload.
Fat-soluble vitamins can become toxic due to which of the following factors?
- Fat-soluble vitamins are not needed in the body, so do not need to be consumed in large amounts.
- Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the kidneys and can become toxic when not enough water is consumed.
- Fat-soluble vitamins are dissolvable in water and are stored into the bloodstream from the GI tract.
- Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body fat and can become toxic when consumed in excess.
Explanation
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are absorbed with dietary fat and stored in adipose (fat) tissue and the liver. Because the body does not excrete them readily through urine, excessive intake over time can lead to toxicity. For example, too much vitamin A can cause liver damage and vision problems, while excess vitamin D can lead to hypercalcemia. Therefore, supplementation should be monitored carefully.
The nurse needs to be aware of the functions of water in the body. Which presented function is untrue?
- Protects the brain and spinal cord tissue
- Prevents replication and growth of pathogens
- Maintains body temperature
- Lubricates body joints and digestive tract
Explanation
Water does not prevent the replication or growth of pathogens. Its primary roles include hydration, nutrient transport, temperature regulation, and waste removal. Pathogen control and prevention are functions of the immune system and various antimicrobial mechanisms, not water itself. While adequate hydration supports overall health and immune function, it does not directly stop microorganisms from multiplying.
A nurse recognizes that the process in which food is broken down in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, releasing nutrients for the body to use, is called:
- Peristalsis
- Absorption
- Digestion
- Indigestion
Explanation
Digestion is the process by which food is mechanically and chemically broken down in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into smaller molecules—such as amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose—that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair. It begins in the mouth with chewing and enzyme action, continues in the stomach with gastric acids, and completes in the small intestine with bile and pancreatic enzymes.
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