Fundamentals of Nursing Quiz 3b Fall 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing
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Free Fundamentals of Nursing Quiz 3b Fall 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing Questions
A client has just been diagnosed with severe hypovolemia. Which of the following interventions would be appropriate? (Select all that apply)
- A. Strict monitoring of intake and output
- B. Encourage the patient to ambulate in the hallway frequently
- C. Anticipate the MD will place the patient on fluid restrictions
- D. Place the patient on NPO status
- E. Notify the MD if the patient does not void at least once every 8 hours
Explanation
A. Strict monitoring of intake and output:
In severe hypovolemia, careful monitoring of fluid intake and output is crucial to assess fluid balance, kidney function, and the effectiveness of fluid replacement therapy. This helps detect worsening dehydration or signs of renal hypoperfusion early, guiding the provider in adjusting treatment.
E. Notify the MD if the patient does not void at least once every 8 hours:
Oliguria (low urine output) is an important indicator of inadequate renal perfusion and worsening hypovolemia. Promptly notifying the healthcare provider allows for timely intervention, such as fluid resuscitation, to prevent kidney injury or shock.
Which of the following is a reaction by the client's immune system to an allergen, which is a protein that once ingested causes the immune system to develop antibodies?
- A. Bolus feeding
- B. Hyperglycemia
- C. Food intolerance
- D. Food allergy
Explanation
A food allergy is an immune system response to a specific protein (allergen) found in certain foods. When the allergen is ingested, the immune system mistakenly identifies it as harmful and produces IgE antibodies, triggering the release of histamine and other chemicals. This leads to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, vomiting, wheezing, or even anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction. Common allergens include peanuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, and soy.
Where in the body is cholesterol manufactured?
- A. It is manufactured in the stomach
- B. It is manufactured in the brain
- C. It is not manufactured by the body
- D. It is manufactured in the liver
Explanation
The liver is the primary site where cholesterol is manufactured in the body. It produces cholesterol through a complex process involving acetyl-CoA, which forms the building blocks for cholesterol synthesis. The liver not only produces cholesterol for essential functions—such as hormone production, vitamin D synthesis, and bile acid formation—but also regulates blood cholesterol levels by packaging it into lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) for transport throughout the body.
Which nutrients provide the best source of energy for our bodies?
- A. Vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes
- B. Fats, adenosine triphosphate, and minerals
- C. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- D. Carbohydrates, fats, and sodium
Explanation
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the three main macronutrients that supply the body with energy.
●Carbohydrates are the body’s primary energy source, providing quick energy for brain and muscle function.
●Fats serve as a concentrated energy source, offering long-term energy storage and insulation.
●Proteins provide energy when carbohydrates and fats are insufficient, though their main role is tissue repair and enzyme production. Together, these nutrients fuel metabolism and maintain normal body function.
The nurse’s morning assessment of a client who has a history of heart failure reveals the presence of 2+ pitting edema in the client’s ankles and feet bilaterally. This assessment finding is suggestive of:
- A. Hyponatremia
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Fluid volume excess
- D. Hypovolemia
Explanation
Fluid volume excess (hypervolemia) occurs when there is an abnormal retention of sodium and water in the body, leading to tissue swelling and edema. In patients with heart failure, the heart’s decreased pumping ability causes venous congestion, resulting in 2+ pitting edema—a sign of fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces, particularly in dependent areas like the ankles and feet. The nurse should monitor daily weights, lung sounds, and intake/output closely to assess the severity of fluid overload.
A client has just been diagnosed with severe hypovolemia. Which of the following statements made by the nurse would illustrate immediate intervention?
- A. "I should make sure to monitor my client's intake and output."
- B. "I need to monitor my client and make sure they void at least every 8 hours."
- C. "I need to start an IV now and induce rapid IV infusion immediately to correct this fluid volume deficit."
- D. "Persistent urinary output below 30 mL/hr may be indicative of renal failure."
Explanation
While fluid replacement is essential for treating severe hypovolemia, a nurse must not independently initiate or induce rapid IV infusion without a provider’s order. This action requires a physician or prescriber’s direction regarding the type, rate, and volume of fluid to prevent complications such as fluid overload, pulmonary edema, or cardiac strain. Acting without a proper order in this situation requires immediate intervention to ensure patient safety and adherence to scope of practice.
The nurse reviews the food diary of a client who is on a weight reduction plan. Which entry listed in the food diary provides the nurse with an idea why the client has not lost weight?
- A. Whole milk and cheese
- B. Lean meats and fish
- C. Whole grain breads and cereals
- D. Fresh fruits and vegetables
Explanation
Whole milk and cheese are high in saturated fats and calories, which can significantly contribute to excess caloric intake and hinder weight loss. While dairy provides essential nutrients like calcium and protein, choosing full-fat versions adds unnecessary calories that can offset a calorie-controlled diet. For weight reduction, the nurse should recommend low-fat or fat-free dairy products and portion control to support a calorie deficit while maintaining nutritional balance.
The nurse is reviewing laboratory values of multiple clients with fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Which laboratory value does the nurse identify as representing a therapeutic response to treatment?
- A. Sodium = 136 mEq/L
- B. Sodium = 149 mEq/L
- C. Sodium = 147 mEq/L
- D. Sodium = 132 mEq/L
Explanation
The normal serum sodium range is 135–145 mEq/L. A level of 136 mEq/L falls within this range and indicates that sodium balance has been successfully restored. This represents a therapeutic response in a client being treated for either hyponatremia (low sodium) or hypernatremia (high sodium). Maintaining normal sodium levels is critical for fluid balance, nerve conduction, and muscle contraction.
As the nurse, you are evaluating your patient’s lab values, which show a blood pH of 7.25. As the nurse, you have determined that your patient is in a state of:
- A. Acidosis
- B. Alkalosis
- C. Homeostasis
- D. A state of dehydration
Explanation
Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45. A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, meaning the blood is more acidic than normal due to excess hydrogen ions or decreased bicarbonate. This imbalance can result from respiratory causes (CO₂ retention, as in COPD) or metabolic causes (lactic acid buildup, renal failure, or diabetic ketoacidosis). Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to restore acid-base balance and prevent organ dysfunction.
A nurse recognizes that the process in which food is broken down in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, releasing nutrients for the body to use, is called:
- A. Peristalsis
- B. Absorption
- C. Digestion
- D. Indigestion
Explanation
Digestion is the process by which food is mechanically and chemically broken down in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into smaller molecules—such as amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose—that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair. It begins in the mouth with chewing and enzyme action, continues in the stomach with gastric acids, and completes in the small intestine with bile and pancreatic enzymes.
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