Fundamentals of Nursing Quiz 3b Fall 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing
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Free Fundamentals of Nursing Quiz 3b Fall 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing Questions
The nurse needs to be aware of the functions of water in the body. Which presented function is untrue?
- Protects the brain and spinal cord tissue
- Prevents replication and growth of pathogens
- Maintains body temperature
- Lubricates body joints and digestive tract
Explanation
Water does not prevent the replication or growth of pathogens. Its primary roles include hydration, nutrient transport, temperature regulation, and waste removal. Pathogen control and prevention are functions of the immune system and various antimicrobial mechanisms, not water itself. While adequate hydration supports overall health and immune function, it does not directly stop microorganisms from multiplying.
Your patient was admitted with a diagnosis of hyperkalemia. Which laboratory finding would the nurse expect to see?
- K⁺ 2.8
- K⁺ 3.8
- K⁺ 5.0
- K⁺ 5.8
Explanation
Hyperkalemia refers to an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood. The normal potassium range is 3.5–5.0 mEq/L. A level of 5.8 mEq/L indicates elevated potassium, which can lead to dangerous cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, and potential cardiac arrest if untreated. The nurse should notify the provider immediately and prepare for interventions such as administering calcium gluconate, insulin with glucose, or sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) to lower serum potassium levels safely.
The primary function of carbohydrates as a food source is to:
- Build body tissue
- Increase blood sugar in the body
- Regulate metabolic processes
- Supply energy
Explanation
The main function of carbohydrates is to supply energy to the body. They are the body’s primary and most efficient energy source, providing 4 calories per gram. Once digested, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which fuels cellular activities, brain function, and muscle contraction. The body stores excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles for later use, ensuring a steady energy supply between meals or during physical activity.
Which of the following is a reaction by the client's immune system to an allergen, which is a protein that once ingested causes the immune system to develop antibodies?
- Bolus feeding
- Hyperglycemia
- Food intolerance
- Food allergy
Explanation
A food allergy is an immune system response to a specific protein (allergen) found in certain foods. When the allergen is ingested, the immune system mistakenly identifies it as harmful and produces IgE antibodies, triggering the release of histamine and other chemicals. This leads to symptoms such as hives, itching, swelling, vomiting, wheezing, or even anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction. Common allergens include peanuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, and soy.
Which of the following is a good type of cholesterol that is responsible for taking excess cholesterol back to the liver from the cells?
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
- Trans fat
- Triglycerides
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Explanation
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as the “good” cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and peripheral tissues, transporting it back to the liver for metabolism and excretion. This process, called reverse cholesterol transport, helps reduce plaque buildup in arteries, lowering the risk of atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke. Higher HDL levels are associated with better cardiovascular health and overall lipid balance.
Which of the following vitamins are dissolvable only in fat, and unlike water-soluble vitamins, they can be stored in body fat?
- Vitamins B, C, E, and K
- Vitamins A, B, C, and D
- Vitamins B1 (thiamine), B9 (folic acid), and B7 (biotin)
- Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Explanation
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins, meaning they dissolve in fat and are absorbed along with dietary lipids in the small intestine. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, they can be stored in the liver and adipose tissue, allowing for long-term reserves. However, excessive intake can lead to toxicity since they are not readily excreted in urine. These vitamins are essential for vision (A), calcium regulation (D), antioxidant protection (E), and blood clotting (K).
The nurse has been assigned to care for a patient who had a PEG tube placed 1 week ago. The patient receives intermittent feedings. The nurse understands her responsibility when she performs what interventions prior to each feeding? (Select all that apply)
- Assess abdomen for distention
- Check placement and residual
- Elevate the head of the bed during feedings
- Inspect skin integrity around insertion site
- Offer sips of water prior to feeding
Explanation
A. Assess abdomen for distention:
Abdominal distention may indicate feeding intolerance, delayed gastric emptying, or bowel obstruction. Assessing the abdomen ensures safe continuation of enteral nutrition and helps prevent complications such as aspiration or vomiting.
B. Check placement and residual:
Verifying tube placement before each feeding ensures the PEG tube remains in the stomach and has not migrated. Checking residual volume assesses gastric emptying; large residuals may indicate delayed digestion and increase the risk of aspiration.
C. Elevate the head of the bed during feedings:
Raising the head of the bed at least 30–45 degrees prevents aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs, a major risk associated with enteral feeding.
D. Inspect skin integrity around insertion site:
The PEG site should be assessed for redness, drainage, swelling, or infection. Early identification of skin breakdown or infection helps prevent more serious complications such as peritonitis.
Which nutrients provide the best source of energy for our bodies?
- Vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes
- Fats, adenosine triphosphate, and minerals
- Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- Carbohydrates, fats, and sodium
Explanation
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the three main macronutrients that supply the body with energy.
●Carbohydrates are the body’s primary energy source, providing quick energy for brain and muscle function.
●Fats serve as a concentrated energy source, offering long-term energy storage and insulation.
●Proteins provide energy when carbohydrates and fats are insufficient, though their main role is tissue repair and enzyme production. Together, these nutrients fuel metabolism and maintain normal body function.
The nurse recognizes that the process that gently propels the food bolus into the small intestine is called:
- Absorption
- Indigestion
- Digestion
- Peristalsis
Explanation
Peristalsis is the coordinated, wave-like contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract that propels the food bolus forward through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. This rhythmic motion ensures the continuous movement of food along the digestive tract, allowing for proper mixing with digestive enzymes and eventual passage into the small intestine for nutrient absorption. It is an involuntary process controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
The nurse’s morning assessment of a client who has a history of heart failure reveals the presence of 2+ pitting edema in the client’s ankles and feet bilaterally. This assessment finding is suggestive of:
- Hyponatremia
- Metabolic acidosis
- Fluid volume excess
- Hypovolemia
Explanation
Fluid volume excess (hypervolemia) occurs when there is an abnormal retention of sodium and water in the body, leading to tissue swelling and edema. In patients with heart failure, the heart’s decreased pumping ability causes venous congestion, resulting in 2+ pitting edema—a sign of fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces, particularly in dependent areas like the ankles and feet. The nurse should monitor daily weights, lung sounds, and intake/output closely to assess the severity of fluid overload.
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