Fundamentals of Nursing Quiz 3b Fall 2025
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Free Fundamentals of Nursing Quiz 3b Fall 2025 Questions
The nurse is reviewing laboratory values of multiple clients with fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Which laboratory value does the nurse identify as representing a therapeutic response to treatment?
- A. Sodium = 136 mEq/L
- B. Sodium = 149 mEq/L
- C. Sodium = 147 mEq/L
- D. Sodium = 132 mEq/L
Explanation
The normal serum sodium range is 135–145 mEq/L. A level of 136 mEq/L falls within this range and indicates that sodium balance has been successfully restored. This represents a therapeutic response in a client being treated for either hyponatremia (low sodium) or hypernatremia (high sodium). Maintaining normal sodium levels is critical for fluid balance, nerve conduction, and muscle contraction.
The nurse’s morning assessment of a client who has a history of heart failure reveals the presence of 2+ pitting edema in the client’s ankles and feet bilaterally. This assessment finding is suggestive of:
- A. Hyponatremia
- B. Metabolic acidosis
- C. Fluid volume excess
- D. Hypovolemia
Explanation
Fluid volume excess (hypervolemia) occurs when there is an abnormal retention of sodium and water in the body, leading to tissue swelling and edema. In patients with heart failure, the heart’s decreased pumping ability causes venous congestion, resulting in 2+ pitting edema—a sign of fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces, particularly in dependent areas like the ankles and feet. The nurse should monitor daily weights, lung sounds, and intake/output closely to assess the severity of fluid overload.
Which nutrients provide the best source of energy for our bodies?
- A. Vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes
- B. Fats, adenosine triphosphate, and minerals
- C. Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
- D. Carbohydrates, fats, and sodium
Explanation
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the three main macronutrients that supply the body with energy.
●Carbohydrates are the body’s primary energy source, providing quick energy for brain and muscle function.
●Fats serve as a concentrated energy source, offering long-term energy storage and insulation.
●Proteins provide energy when carbohydrates and fats are insufficient, though their main role is tissue repair and enzyme production. Together, these nutrients fuel metabolism and maintain normal body function.
Fat-soluble vitamins can become toxic due to which of the following factors?
- A. Fat-soluble vitamins are not needed in the body, so do not need to be consumed in large amounts.
- B. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the kidneys and can become toxic when not enough water is consumed.
- C. Fat-soluble vitamins are dissolvable in water and are stored into the bloodstream from the GI tract.
- D. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body fat and can become toxic when consumed in excess.
Explanation
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are absorbed with dietary fat and stored in adipose (fat) tissue and the liver. Because the body does not excrete them readily through urine, excessive intake over time can lead to toxicity. For example, too much vitamin A can cause liver damage and vision problems, while excess vitamin D can lead to hypercalcemia. Therefore, supplementation should be monitored carefully.
The nurse is providing care for a client with a history of cardiac problems. The nurse notes the client's potassium level is 2.9 mEq/L. The nurse understands that the reason the physician has ordered a daily dose of potassium is:
- A. The potassium is ordered in an attempt to prevent cardiac arrhythmias.
- B. The client’s cardiac diet is deficient in foods with high potassium levels.
- C. The physician is attempting to increase urinary output to decrease cardiac stress.
- D. The potassium is ordered to prevent the client from becoming hypoxic.
Explanation
A potassium level of 2.9 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia, which can cause serious cardiac arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), ventricular tachycardia, or even cardiac arrest. Potassium plays a vital role in maintaining normal electrical conduction within the heart. The physician orders potassium replacement to restore normal cardiac rhythm and prevent life-threatening dysrhythmias, especially in clients with a cardiac history.
The nurse is assessing a patient who is showing early signs of hypoxia. What should the nurse expect to find on her assessment? (Select all that apply)
- A. Cyanosis
- B. Agitation
- C. Tachypnea
- D. Restlessness
- E. Bradycardia
Explanation
B. Agitation:
Agitation occurs as one of the earliest signs of hypoxia due to inadequate oxygen delivery to the brain. The body and mind respond with anxiety, irritability, or confusion as oxygen levels begin to drop.
C. Tachypnea:
In response to decreased oxygen levels, the respiratory rate increases (tachypnea) to compensate and deliver more oxygen to the tissues. This is an early compensatory mechanism to prevent further hypoxia.
D. Restlessness:
Restlessness is an early neurologic sign of hypoxia. The brain is highly sensitive to oxygen deprivation, and this manifests as unease, inability to focus, or constant movement in the patient.
Which of the following is a good type of cholesterol that is responsible for taking excess cholesterol back to the liver from the cells?
- A. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
- B. Trans fat
- C. Triglycerides
- D. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Explanation
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is known as the “good” cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and peripheral tissues, transporting it back to the liver for metabolism and excretion. This process, called reverse cholesterol transport, helps reduce plaque buildup in arteries, lowering the risk of atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke. Higher HDL levels are associated with better cardiovascular health and overall lipid balance.
Where in the body is cholesterol manufactured?
- A. It is manufactured in the stomach
- B. It is manufactured in the brain
- C. It is not manufactured by the body
- D. It is manufactured in the liver
Explanation
The liver is the primary site where cholesterol is manufactured in the body. It produces cholesterol through a complex process involving acetyl-CoA, which forms the building blocks for cholesterol synthesis. The liver not only produces cholesterol for essential functions—such as hormone production, vitamin D synthesis, and bile acid formation—but also regulates blood cholesterol levels by packaging it into lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) for transport throughout the body.
The nurse working on a surgical unit is aware that surgical clients need an increased amount of dietary protein. Which is the correct reason for the increase in protein?
- A. Protein ingestion impacts feelings of well-being and helps reduce anxiety
- B. Dietary proteins affect and impact the metabolism of narcotic pain medications
- C. Protein intake satisfies hunger better while the client is on a restricted diet
- D. Increased dietary protein intake is essential for new cells and wound healing
Explanation
After surgery, the body requires increased protein to support the repair of tissues, synthesis of new cells, and wound healing. Protein provides the essential amino acids needed to rebuild damaged muscle and skin tissues and to produce enzymes and immune cells that promote recovery. Inadequate protein intake can delay healing, increase the risk of infection, and prolong recovery time. Therefore, a high-protein diet is critical for postoperative patients.
When a nurse inserts a nasogastric (NG) tube, the client becomes cyanotic, coughs constantly, and is unable to speak. The nurse should:
- A. Tell the client, "it will be ok, and you'll be done shortly."
- B. Tape the tube to the client's nose
- C. Immediately remove the tube completely
- D. Continue to insert the tube quickly
- E. Use a flashlight and tongue blade to view the posterior pharynx
Explanation
If a client becomes cyanotic, coughs continuously, or is unable to speak during NG tube insertion, it indicates that the tube has likely entered the trachea or bronchus instead of the esophagus, leading to airway obstruction. The nurse must immediately stop the procedure and remove the tube completely to reestablish airway patency and prevent aspiration or respiratory arrest. The patient should then be stabilized before attempting reinsertion.
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