Educational Psychology (EDUC 5283)

Correct Answer

D. Comprehending what others say

Explanation

Receptive language disorders involve difficulties in understanding or processing spoken or written language. Individuals with this disorder may struggle to comprehend words, sentences, or complex language structures, which affects their ability to follow instructions, understand questions, or interpret conversations. This is different from expressive language disorders, where the challenge lies in the ability to formulate and produce language.

Why Other Options Are Wrong

A. Hearing what others say

This would be a hearing disorder, not a receptive language disorder. Receptive language issues concern the processing and understanding of language, not the physical ability to hear.

B. Using spoken language

This describes an expressive language disorder, where difficulties lie in the production of speech and words, rather than understanding them.

C. Formulating language

This refers to the difficulty in forming or structuring language, which is related to expressive language disorders, not receptive ones.

Correct Answer

A. 7-10 pounds per year and 4-5 inches in height.

Explanation

During the middle childhood years (ages 6 to 12), children typically experience a period of steady, gradual growth. On average, they gain about 7-10 pounds per year and grow approximately 4-5 inches in height. This growth pattern is slower compared to the rapid growth seen in infancy and early childhood but remains a crucial period for physical development.

Why other options are wrong

B. 5-7 pounds per year and 2-3 inches in height.

This is an underestimation of the average growth. Children in middle childhood typically gain more weight and height, around 7-10 pounds and 4-5 inches, respectively. The numbers here are too low for this developmental stage.

C. 10-12 pounds per year and 1-2 inches in height.

This overestimates the typical weight gain and underestimates the height growth. Children in middle childhood usually grow 4-5 inches in height, not just 1-2 inches, and gain about 7-10 pounds rather than 10-12 pounds per year.

D. 5-7 pounds per year and 6-7 inches in height.

While the weight gain is somewhat correct, the height gain of 6-7 inches is too high. Children grow about 4-5 inches in height per year during middle childhood, not 6-7 inches.

Correct Answer

B. Cry to get needs met

Explanation

At 2 months of age, infants primarily communicate through crying to signal their needs, such as hunger, discomfort, or the need for attention. Crying is the most common way for infants to express themselves at this stage, as they have not yet developed more sophisticated ways of communicating or interacting with their environment.

Why other options are wrong

A. Hold and shake toys to play

This is incorrect because at 2 months, infants do not yet have the physical coordination to hold or shake toys. They typically begin to engage with objects in this way around 3-4 months, when they gain more control over their hand movements.

C. Enjoy looking at self in the mirror

This is incorrect because self-recognition does not develop until later in infancy, typically around 6 months of age. At 2 months, infants do not yet have the cognitive ability to recognize themselves in a mirror.

D. Respond to emotions

This is incorrect because while infants may react to emotions from caregivers (e.g., smiling in response to a happy face), they do not yet have the capacity to fully understand or respond to emotions at 2 months. Emotional development progresses over time, with deeper emotional responses becoming more evident as the infant grows.

Correct Answer

C. Assimilation

Explanation

Assimilation is the process in which individuals incorporate new experiences or information into their existing schemas or frameworks of understanding. It occurs when a child encounters something new but interprets it through the lens of what they already know. For instance, a child who already understands the concept of a dog might identify a new breed they see as a "dog" without changing their original understanding.

Why other options are wrong

A. Accommodation

Accommodation is the process by which an individual adjusts or changes their existing schemas to incorporate new information that doesn’t fit into their current understanding. It involves modifying existing ideas to account for new experiences, which is different from assimilating new experiences into the old framework.

B. Adaptation

Adaptation refers to the overall process of adjusting to the environment, which includes both assimilation and accommodation. However, it is a broader concept and doesn’t specifically refer to incorporating new information into existing schemas, which is the definition of assimilation.

Correct Answer

A. Thoughts influence emotions, which in turn affect behaviors.

Explanation

According to Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT), there is a reciprocal relationship between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. The theory posits that our thoughts influence how we feel, which in turn affects how we behave. For example, negative thoughts may lead to feelings of sadness or anxiety, which can then result in avoidance or other maladaptive behaviors. CBT aims to break this cycle by helping individuals change their negative thought patterns to improve emotional regulation and behavior.

Why Other Options Are Wrong

B. Behaviors are solely determined by external stimuli

This option refers more to behaviorism, which emphasizes the role of external stimuli in shaping behavior. CBT, however, emphasizes the importance of internal cognitive processes in influencing behavior, not just external stimuli.

C. Emotions are the primary drivers of cognitive processes

While emotions can certainly influence thoughts, CBT suggests that thoughts are the primary drivers of both emotions and behaviors, rather than emotions being the driving force behind cognition.

D. Behaviors do not have any impact on thoughts or feelings

This is incorrect, as behaviors can influence thoughts and emotions. For example, engaging in a positive activity (behavior) can lead to improved mood (emotion) and more positive thinking (cognition), which is a core principle of CBT.

Correct Answer

D. May complain about friends and other reactions

Explanation

Children aged 11-15 years, which includes pre-teens and early teens, are often in a developmental stage where they experience fluctuations in their social and emotional lives. They are learning to navigate peer relationships, and it's common for them to complain about their friends or express frustrations about social dynamics. These complaints reflect their developing sense of identity and increasing desire for independence while still managing social interactions.

Why Other Options Are Wrong

A. Spontaneously kind and caring

This option is not typically characteristic of children in this age range. While kindness and caring can be present, children aged 11-15 may also experience self-centered behaviors due to the challenges of adolescence. The developmental phase involves a focus on peer relationships and self-identity, rather than a consistent or spontaneous display of kindness.

B. Want to behave well, but as attentive to directions

While adolescents may still care about behaving well, they often do not always respond to authority with the same attentiveness as younger children. This age group tends to question authority more and may be less focused on following directions compared to their younger years.

C. Share secrets and jokes with friends

Although sharing secrets and jokes is common among this age group, it is not the most defining characteristic. They are still heavily engaged in establishing friendships, but they also experience social tension, emotional ups and downs, and struggles with group dynamics, which can lead to complaints rather than solely focusing on sharing secrets.

Correct Answer

C. Respect from others, achievement, independence, status, and prestige

Explanation

The Esteem level in Maslow's Hierarchy focuses on the need for respect, self-esteem, achievement, and recognition from others. It encompasses both the need for personal accomplishment (self-esteem) and external validation (esteem from others). This includes gaining status, prestige, and recognition for one’s work, as well as feeling competent and valued.

Why other options are wrong

A. Biological requirements for survival

This is incorrect because biological requirements for survival are the foundational physiological needs, which are at the base of Maslow's pyramid. These needs must be met first before moving to higher-level needs like esteem.

B. Protection from the elements, financial and physical security

This is incorrect because this describes the Safety and Security level, which comes after physiological needs. It focuses on the need for stability, protection, and security from external threats.

D. Interpersonal intimacy, trust, romance, and love

This is incorrect because these are part of the Love and Belonging level, not the Esteem level. This level focuses on the need for interpersonal relationships, friendship, and a sense of connection with others, which is distinct from the need for esteem and respect.

Correct Answer

A. Cognitive needs

Explanation

Cognitive needs refer to the desire for knowledge, curiosity, understanding, and exploration. These needs involve intellectual growth and the search for meaning and truth. According to Maslow's hierarchy, cognitive needs emerge after physiological, safety, and social needs are met, as individuals seek to expand their understanding of the world around them.

Why other options are wrong

B. Aesthetic needs

This is incorrect because aesthetic needs, according to Maslow, refer to the desire for beauty, balance, and form, focusing more on the appreciation of art and nature rather than intellectual pursuits like curiosity and exploration.

C. Self-actualization needs

This is incorrect because self-actualization refers to the fulfillment of personal potential and becoming the best version of oneself. While intellectual exploration can contribute to self-actualization, it is not the primary focus of this need. Self-actualization encompasses a broader set of personal growth activities beyond cognitive curiosity.

D. Transcendence needs

This is incorrect because transcendence needs refer to helping others achieve self-actualization or seeking to connect with something beyond oneself, like spiritual enlightenment. It is not primarily about cognitive exploration.

 Correct Answer

A. Analytical, Creative, Practical

Explanation

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence posits that intelligence consists of three components: analytical intelligence (problem-solving and reasoning), creative intelligence (innovation and adaptation to new situations), and practical intelligence (ability to handle everyday tasks and challenges). These components work together to shape an individual’s overall intelligence.

Why other options are wrong

B. Logical, Emotional, Social

This is incorrect because while logical intelligence is part of analytical intelligence, emotional and social intelligence are not explicitly part of Sternberg's model. These components are more related to other theories, such as emotional intelligence.

C. Verbal, Mathematical, Spatial

This is incorrect because these categories are related to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, specifically linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial intelligence, not Sternberg's triarchic model.

D. Physical, Emotional, Cognitive

This is incorrect because Sternberg’s model does not include physical intelligence or emotional intelligence in its framework. Instead, it focuses on analytical, creative, and practical abilities.