BIO 201 Final Exam at Central Alabama Community College
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Free BIO 201 Final Exam at Central Alabama Community College Questions
Which type of tissue has variable vascularity and contains matrix?
- A. Epithelial
- B. Connective
- C. Nervous
- D. Muscle
Explanation
Connective tissue is characterized by its variable vascularity (meaning it can have different amounts of blood supply, depending on the specific type of connective tissue) and the presence of an extracellular matrix. The matrix, composed of ground substance and fibers, provides support and structure to the tissue. Examples of connective tissue include bone, cartilage, blood, and adipose tissue.
Which type of muscle tissue is striated and involuntary?
- A. Skeletal
- B. Smooth
- C. Cardiac
Explanation
Cardiac muscle tissue is striated (having a striped appearance under a microscope) and involuntary (it is not consciously controlled). It is found only in the heart, where it is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. The striations in cardiac muscle are similar to those in skeletal muscle, but unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle functions involuntarily and has specialized junctions (intercalated discs) that allow coordinated contraction.
Which part of the ear is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?
- A. Scala media
- B. Maculae
- C. Vestibule
- D. Crista ampullaris
- E. Organ of Corti
Explanation
The crista ampullaris is responsible for dynamic equilibrium, which involves the detection of rotational movement of the head. The crista ampullaris is located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. It contains hair cells that detect changes in head position during movement, helping to maintain balance and coordination.
Which type of bone growth causes an increase in bone diameter?
- A. Appositional
- B. Longitudinal
- C. Bone remodeling
Explanation
Appositional growth is the process by which bones increase in diameter. In this process, osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) add new bone tissue to the outer surface of the bone, while osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells) break down bone tissue on the inner surface, enlarging the medullary cavity. This type of growth allows bones to thicken and become stronger in response to increased stress.
Which of the following terms is used to describe "cell eating"?
- A. Phagocytosis
- B. Pinocytosis
- C. Receptor-mediated
Explanation
Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs large particles, such as debris, foreign substances, or microorganisms, in a process often referred to as "cell eating." The cell forms pseudopodia (extensions of the cell membrane) around the particle, engulfing it into a vesicle known as a phagosome
Which type of transport moves materials down a concentration gradient?
- A. Active
- B. Passive
Explanation
Passive transport moves materials across the cell membrane down a concentration gradient, meaning from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process does not require energy (ATP). Common types of passive transport include diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
In contrast, active transport requires energy to move substances against the concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This process typically involves transport proteins and ATP.
Which type of muscle metabolism produces a small amount of ATP and lactic acid?
- A. Aerobic respiration
- B. Anaerobic respiration
- C. Phosphagen system
Explanation
Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is not available or when the demand for energy exceeds the capacity for aerobic metabolism. It produces a small amount of ATP quickly, but lactic acid is produced as a byproduct, leading to muscle fatigue. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and is used during short bursts of intense activity, such as sprinting or heavy lifting.
Which tunic contains the retina?
- A. Fibrous
- B. Vascular
- C. Sensory
Explanation
The sensory tunic of the eye contains the retina, which is responsible for receiving light and converting it into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina is a crucial part of the sensory tunic, along with other structures like the macula and fovea, which are involved in vision.
Which of the following divisions of the nervous system has a long preganglionic axon?
- A. Sympathetic
- B. Parasympathetic
Explanation
In the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, the preganglionic axons are typically long and extend from the central nervous system (CNS) to the target organ, where they synapse with the postganglionic neurons. The parasympathetic system is often referred to as the "rest and digest" system and is associated with functions that conserve energy and promote routine maintenance of body systems.
Which of the following is a correct description of anatomical position?
- A. Arms at shoulder level
- B. Palms facing posteriorly
- C. Body on tip toes
- D. Body facing forward
- E. Body facing forward and Body on tip toes
- F. Palms facing posteriorly and Arms at shoulder level
Explanation
The anatomical position is a standard reference position used to describe the location of body parts and their movements. The body is positioned as follows:
- The body is standing upright.
- The feet are slightly apart and flat on the ground.
- The arms are at the sides of the body.
- The palms are facing forward (anteriorly).
- The head is facing forward (anteriorly).
In the anatomical position, the palms should not be facing posteriorly, and the body is not on tiptoes. Therefore, D. Body facing forward is the correct description.
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