BIO 2401 Anatomy and Physiology Exam at Central Alabama Community College
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Free BIO 2401 Anatomy and Physiology Exam at Central Alabama Community College Questions
Which of the following divisions of the nervous system releases only acetylcholine?
- Parasympathetic
- Sympathetic
Explanation
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system releases acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter at both the preganglionic and postganglionic synapses. This system is responsible for the "rest and digest" functions, promoting activities that conserve energy and maintain routine body functions.
The sympathetic division, on the other hand, primarily uses norepinephrine at the postganglionic synapse (except for sweat glands, which release acetylcholine), making it different from the parasympathetic division in terms of neurotransmitter usage.
Which of the following components of the cell membrane composes the lipid bilayer?
- Proteins
- Cholesterol
- Phospholipids
- Glycoproteins
- Glycolipids
Explanation
The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane is primarily composed of phospholipids. These molecules have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) "head" and hydrophobic (water-repelling) "tails," which arrange themselves in two layers, with the hydrophilic heads facing outward toward the water and the hydrophobic tails facing inward. This structure forms the basic barrier of the cell membrane, providing both flexibility and selective permeability.
Which anatomical terms most correctly completes the following sentence?
The mouth is ---------- to the nose which is __ to the ears.
- Anterior; caudal
- Medial; deep
- Superior; medial
- Inferior; lateral
- Inferior; medial
Explanation
The mouth is inferior to the nose because the mouth is located below the nose on the body. The nose is medial to the ears because the nose is closer to the midline of the body, whereas the ears are positioned on the sides of the head. Therefore, inferior and medial are the correct anatomical terms to complete the sentence.
Which area of the ear contains the ossicles?
- External
- Middle
- Internal
Explanation
The ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) are tiny bones located in the middle ear. They transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles amplify and conduct sound waves, which is a crucial function in the hearing process.
Which of the following has stated the route of the reflex arc correctly?
- Receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron → motor neuron → effector
- Sensory neuron → receptor → interneuron → effector → motor neuron
- Receptor → effector → sensory neuron → interneuron → motor neuron
- Receptor → motor neuron → interneuron → sensory neuron → effector
Explanation
The correct sequence of a reflex arc is:
- Receptor: Detects the stimulus (e.g., heat, pressure).
- Sensory neuron: Carries the signal from the receptor to the spinal cord or brain.
- Interneuron: Relays the signal within the spinal cord or brain to the motor neuron.
- Motor neuron: Carries the response signal from the spinal cord or brain to the effector.
- Effector: The muscle or gland that carries out the response (e.g., muscle contraction).
This pathway ensures that the body can respond quickly to stimuli, often without involving the brain, as seen in spinal reflexes like the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex.
Which part of the ear is responsible for static equilibrium?
- Scala media
- Maculae
- Semicircular canals
- Crista ampullaris
- Organ of Corti
Explanation
The maculae are specialized structures within the vestibule of the inner ear that are responsible for static equilibrium, which helps the body maintain its balance when stationary. The maculae contain hair cells that detect the position of the head relative to gravity and send this information to the brain, allowing us to maintain posture and balance.
Which bone marking term means a smooth nearly flat articular projection?
- Tuberosity
- Crest
- Trochanter
- Line
- Tubercle
- Condyle
- Epicondyle
- Spine
- I. Head
- J. Facet
- K. Ramus
- L. Meatus
- M. Sinus
- N. Foramen
Explanation
A facet is a smooth, nearly flat articular projection that forms a joint with another bone. It provides a smooth surface for the articulation of bones, allowing for limited movement, such as the joints between the vertebrae in the spine.
Which bone marking term means a shallow, basin-like depression?
- Tuberosity
- Crest
- Trochanter
- Line
- Tubercle
- Condyle
- Epicondyle
- Spine
- I. Head
- J. Facet
- K. Ramus
- L. Meatus
- M. Sinus
- N. Fossa
Explanation
A fossa is a shallow, basin-like depression or hollow in a bone. It often serves as an articular surface or provides space for muscle attachment. An example is the glenoid fossa of the scapula, where the humerus articulates to form the shoulder joint.
Which type of muscle metabolism produces a small amount of ATP and lactic acid?
- Aerobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration
- Phosphagen system
Explanation
Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is not available or when the demand for energy exceeds the capacity for aerobic metabolism. It produces a small amount of ATP quickly, but lactic acid is produced as a byproduct, leading to muscle fatigue. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and is used during short bursts of intense activity, such as sprinting or heavy lifting.
Which part of the ear is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?
- Scala media
- Maculae
- Vestibule
- Crista ampullaris
- Organ of Corti
Explanation
The crista ampullaris is responsible for dynamic equilibrium, which involves the detection of rotational movement of the head. The crista ampullaris is located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. It contains hair cells that detect changes in head position during movement, helping to maintain balance and coordination.
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