HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology
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Free HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology Questions
Blood in the right ventricle arrived from the:
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Pulmonary trunk
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Bicuspid (mitral) valve
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Pulmonary valve
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Right atrium
Explanation
D. Right atrium
Blood in the right ventricle arrives from the right atrium. Deoxygenated blood flows from the body into the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava. From the right atrium, the blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk, which leads to the lungs for oxygenation.
Which vessels pick up excess extracellular fluid in the interstitial space and return it to circulation?
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Lymphatic vessels
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Pulmonary veins
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Coronary arteries
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Jugular veins
Explanation
A. Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels are part of the lymphatic system, which plays a key role in returning excess extracellular fluid, known as lymph, from the interstitial space back to the bloodstream. This fluid is originally part of blood plasma that has leaked out of the capillaries into the tissues. The lymphatic system collects this excess fluid, filters it through lymph nodes (which contain immune cells), and ultimately returns it to the circulatory system through the lymphatic ducts that drain into large veins near the neck (such as the subclavian vein). This process helps maintain the balance of fluids in the body and supports immune functions.
All Target cells:
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are found in the blood.
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have receptors to which hormones bind.
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secret normores.
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produce their own hormones
Explanation
Target cells are specific cells in the body that respond to hormones. What makes them "targets" is that they have specific receptor proteins either on their surface or inside the cell that can recognize and bind to a particular hormone. When the hormone binds to its receptor, it triggers a biological response such as altering gene expression, activating enzymes, or changing cell metabolism. Without the appropriate receptor, a hormone has no effect on a cell. For example, insulin receptors on liver, muscle, and fat cells allow those cells to take in glucose in response to insulin. Cells that lack insulin receptors do not respond to insulin.
The stomach contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?
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The rugae lining of the stomach is too tough to be attacked by digestive enzymes
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The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus
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The stomach wall is not composed of protein, so the digestive enzymes do not attack it
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The digestive enzymes in the stomach are not strong enough
Explanation
Explanation
The stomach protects itself from its own acid and enzymes through a thick, alkaline mucus barrier produced by mucous cells in the gastric lining. This mucus coats the stomach wall and neutralizes hydrochloric acid at the surface, preventing damage to underlying tissues. Without this protective mucus layer, the highly acidic environment and the enzyme pepsin would rapidly break down the stomach lining. Conditions that compromise this barrier, such as infection or certain medications, can lead to ulcers.Correct Answer Is:
B. The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucusWhich blood type carries anti-A antibodies in the plasma?
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A+
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AB+
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A-
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B-
Explanation
D. B-
Blood type B- contains anti-A antibodies in the plasma because it has B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells and does not have A antigens. The anti-A antibodies will target any A antigens that enter the body. This is typical for individuals with blood type B, as they produce antibodies against the opposite A antigens in the plasma. Additionally, the - (negative) sign indicates the absence of the Rh factor, but this doesn't affect the presence of anti-A antibodies.
Clinically, an elevated white blood cell count is indicative of:
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arteria
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lymphoma
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infection
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polycythemia
Explanation
C. Infection
An elevated white blood cell (WBC) count is commonly a sign of infection. White blood cells are a key part of the immune system and play an essential role in fighting off infections. When the body is battling an infection, it produces more white blood cells to help combat the invading pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Therefore, an increased WBC count is often observed in conditions such as bacterial infections, viral infections, and other inflammatory diseases.
Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
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Vertebrae
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Long bones of arms and legs
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Long bones of arms and legs
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Flat bones of the skull
Explanation
Explanation
Intramembranous ossification is the process in which bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage model. This method forms flat bones, particularly those of the skull (such as the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones), as well as parts of the mandible and clavicle. These bones require strong, protective structures for the brain, making this direct ossification process ideal. In contrast, long bones and vertebrae form by endochondral ossification.Correct Answer Is:
D. Flat bones of the skullWhat occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
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Increased Cardiac Output
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Increased pancreatic activity
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Increased uterine activity
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Increased gastrointestinal activity
Explanation
Explanation
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system triggers the “fight-or-flight” response. One of its primary effects is increasing cardiac output through elevated heart rate and stronger myocardial contractions. This ensures more oxygenated blood reaches vital organs and muscles during stress. In contrast, sympathetic stimulation decreases gastrointestinal and pancreatic activity and does not increase uterine activity except in very specific physiological states.Correct Answer Is:
A. Increased Cardiac OutputThe Enteric Nervous System controls:
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Movement of food through the GI tract
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Increase of gastric secretions
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pH of blood
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The vomiting reflex
Explanation
A. Movement of food through the GI tract
The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) is often called the “brain of the gut.” It is a complex network of neurons located in the walls of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is capable of functioning independently of the central nervous system. One of its primary roles is to regulate motility, or the movement of food through the GI tract, by coordinating smooth muscle contractions known as peristalsis. These wave-like contractions help propel food from the esophagus all the way to the rectum.
The ENS also plays a role in local blood flow, secretion of digestive enzymes, and absorption, but its most recognized function is the control of gut motility.
What structure conducts urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
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Urethra
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Renal column
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Renal pelvis
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Ureter
Explanation
Explanation
The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. Urine collects in the renal pelvis and then moves through the ureter by peristaltic contractions, gravity, and hydrostatic pressure. The urethra carries urine out of the body, not to the bladder. The renal pelvis is a collecting structure within the kidney, and renal columns are supportive tissues between the renal pyramids, not transport structures.Correct Answer Is:
D. UreterHow to Order
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