HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology
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Free HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology Questions
The right and left coronary arteries receive blood from the:
- Ascending aorta
- Superior vena cava
- Coronary sinus
- Pulmonary trunk
Explanation
A. Ascending aorta
The right and left coronary arteries arise from the ascending aorta, just above the aortic valve. These arteries are responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself (the myocardium). After the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta, the coronary arteries branch off from the ascending aorta to deliver blood to the heart tissue. This supply is crucial for the heart's proper function, as the myocardium needs a constant oxygen supply to contract effectively.
The stomach contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?
- The rugae lining of the stomach is too tough to be attacked by digestive enzymes
- The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus
- The stomach wall is not composed of protein, so the digestive enzymes do not attack it
- The digestive enzymes in the stomach are not strong enough
Explanation
Explanation
The stomach protects itself from its own acid and enzymes through a thick, alkaline mucus barrier produced by mucous cells in the gastric lining. This mucus coats the stomach wall and neutralizes hydrochloric acid at the surface, preventing damage to underlying tissues. Without this protective mucus layer, the highly acidic environment and the enzyme pepsin would rapidly break down the stomach lining. Conditions that compromise this barrier, such as infection or certain medications, can lead to ulcers.Correct Answer Is:
B. The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucusWhich anatomical structure houses the terminal bronchioles?
- A Heart.
- B Femur.
- C Diaphysis.
- D Lung.
Explanation
The terminal bronchioles are the smallest airways within the respiratory system and are located inside the lungs. They mark the end of the conducting zone and lead into the respiratory bronchioles, where gas exchange begins. Each lung contains millions of bronchioles that branch from larger bronchi, allowing the passage of air to reach the alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
Damage to the external iliac artery will affect delivery of blood to the:
- brain
- lower limb
- upper limb
- abdominal organs
Explanation
B. lower limb
The external iliac artery is one of the major arteries that supplies blood to the lower half of the body. It branches from the common iliac artery, which is itself a branch of the abdominal aorta. The external iliac artery runs along the pelvis and, when it passes under the inguinal ligament, it becomes the femoral artery, which supplies blood to the thigh, leg, and foot. Therefore, damage to the external iliac artery would most directly affect the blood flow to the lower limbs, leading to potential ischemia (lack of oxygenated blood) and other related symptoms in the legs and feet.
Harie has fragile bones that easily fracture. Which hormone should be checked for normal levels?
- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- triiodothyronine (T3)
- thyroxine (T4)
Explanation
B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Harie’s condition of fragile bones that fracture easily points to a possible issue with calcium regulation and bone metabolism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a central role in regulating blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption (the release of calcium from bones), increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting activation of vitamin D. Abnormal levels of PTH — either too high (as in hyperparathyroidism) or too low (as in hypoparathyroidism) — can lead to disturbances in bone density and strength. Elevated PTH, for instance, can cause excessive bone breakdown, weakening bones and making them more prone to fractures. Therefore, assessing PTH levels is critical in evaluating the hormonal cause of brittle bones.
What is the next destination of blood after it leaves the pulmonary arteries?
- Brain
- Lungs
- Right atrium
- Body
Explanation
B. Lungs
After blood is pumped from the right ventricle of the heart, it enters the pulmonary arteries, which are unique because they carry deoxygenated blood. These arteries transport the blood away from the heart and toward the lungs. In the lungs, gas exchange occurs: carbon dioxide is released from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. This oxygen-rich blood will then return to the heart through the pulmonary veins and enter the left atrium, ready to be pumped to the rest of the body.
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the:
- Right arm
- Right leg
- Left leg
- Left arm
Explanation
A. Right arm
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right upper quadrant of the body, including the right arm, right side of the head and neck, and the right side of the chest. This duct ultimately empties into the right subclavian vein, where the lymph is reintroduced into the bloodstream.
Which type of skin cancer can be recognized in the lesion’s character based on the ABCD rule?
- Sarcoma
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
Explanation
Explanation
The ABCD rule—Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, and Diameter greater than 6 mm—is a clinical guideline specifically used to identify melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer. Melanomas typically show uneven shape, jagged borders, multiple colors, and progressive enlargement. These features distinguish them from basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, which usually appear as localized lesions without the characteristic ABCD changes. The rule is therefore a key early detection tool for melanoma.Correct Answer Is:
C. MelanomaWhich of the following statements best describes endocrine glands?
- They include the salivary glands
- They secrete chemicals into the blood
- They release their secretions on an internal or external surface
- They secrete their products into ducts
Explanation
Explanation
Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, allowing them to act on distant target tissues. Salivary glands and other duct-releasing glands are exocrine, not endocrine. Endocrine secretions do not go onto body surfaces but circulate internally through the blood.Correct Answer Is:
B. They secrete chemicals into the bloodWhich organ functions as both an endocrine and an exocrine gland?
- Liver
- Adrenals
- Spleen
- Pancreas
Explanation
D. Pancreas
The pancreas is a dual-function gland—it serves both endocrine and exocrine roles. As an endocrine gland, it contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which release hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones include insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, all of which regulate blood glucose levels. As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces digestive enzymes (such as amylase, lipase, and proteases) that are secreted into the small intestine via the pancreatic duct to help break down food. This unique dual function makes the pancreas essential for both hormonal regulation and digestion.
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