HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology
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Free HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology Questions
Absorption is best described as the:
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Elimination of feces and some metabolic wastes
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Passage of foods and liquids from one digestive organ to the next
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Movement of food particles through the wall of the small intestine
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Reactions that break chemical bonds of food particles
Explanation
C. Movement of food particles through the wall of the small intestine
Absorption is the process by which nutrients from digested food pass through the epithelial lining of the small intestine into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This is a critical function of the digestive system that allows nutrients like amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals to be transported to the body’s cells for use in growth, repair, and energy.
The small intestine, especially the jejunum and ileum, is the primary site for this process. Its inner surface is lined with villi and microvilli, which increase the surface area to maximize absorption.
Sheena's B lymphocytes (B cells) produced antibodies to protect her about 3-5 days after she was exposed to a virus. What type of immunity do antibodies provide?
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Innate immunity
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Cell-mediated immunity
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Acquired immunity
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Nonspecific immunity
Explanation
C. Acquired immunity
Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is the immunity that develops after exposure to a pathogen or after vaccination. It involves the activation of specific immune cells like B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). In Sheena's case, her B cells produced antibodies in response to the virus, which is a key feature of acquired immunity. These antibodies are highly specific to the pathogen she encountered and help neutralize or eliminate the virus from her body. The immune system's ability to recognize and respond to specific pathogens after exposure is the hallmark of acquired immunity, and it also includes memory, which allows for a faster and more robust response upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.
Edna complains of weight gain. cold intolerance, and low blood pressure. What disorder does her symptoms match?
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Graves disease
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hypothyroidism
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hyperthyroidism
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exophthalmos
Explanation
B. Hypothyroidism
Edna's symptoms — weight gain, cold intolerance, and low blood pressure — are classic indicators of hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces insufficient thyroid hormones (primarily T3 and T4). These hormones are responsible for regulating metabolism, and when they are deficient, the metabolic rate slows down significantly. This results in unexplained weight gain, a reduced tolerance to cold temperatures due to slower metabolism and decreased heat production, and often low blood pressure due to reduced cardiac output and vascular resistance. Other common symptoms may include fatigue, dry skin, constipation, and depression.
What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?
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Inhalation
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Overinflation
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Burst
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Collapse
Explanation
D. Collapse
Under normal conditions, the intrapleural pressure (the pressure within the pleural cavity between the lungs and the chest wall) is slightly lower than atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure is crucial because it helps keep the lungs expanded by creating a suction effect that holds the lungs against the inner chest wall. If the intrapleural pressure rises to equal or exceed atmospheric pressure, this suction is lost, and the lungs will recoil and collapse. This condition is known as pneumothorax. It can occur due to trauma (such as a punctured chest wall or ruptured alveoli), allowing air to enter the pleural space and disrupting the pressure balance.
Anaerobic respiration can lead to a burning sensation caused by which molecule?
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Lactic acid
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Lactic acid
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Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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Creatine-phosphate
Explanation
Explanation
During intense exercise, when oxygen levels are insufficient for aerobic respiration, muscle cells switch to anaerobic respiration. This process produces lactic acid as a by-product. As lactic acid accumulates in muscle tissue, it lowers pH and irritates nerve endings, creating the well-known burning sensation. Once oxygen becomes available, lactic acid is converted back into pyruvate for energy or recycled by the liver. ATP, ADP, and creatine-phosphate do not cause this burning sensation.Correct Answer Is:
A. Lactic acidWhich advice would be appropriate to offer a person who has very active apocrine glands?
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Clean the nails frequently
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Obtain treatment for the rash
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Keep the ears clean
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Use deodorant regularly
Explanation
Apocrine glands are sweat glands found mainly in the armpits and groin areas. They become active during puberty and secrete a thicker fluid that, when broken down by skin bacteria, produces body odor. Regular use of deodorant helps mask odor, while antiperspirants reduce perspiration by temporarily blocking the sweat ducts. Maintaining good hygiene and keeping these areas clean also helps minimize bacterial growth and odor formation.
Glucagon operates under:
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Neural stimulation
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Hormonal stimulation
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Neurohormonal stimulation
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Humoral stimulation
Explanation
D. Humoral stimulation
Glucagon secretion is regulated through humoral stimulation, which refers to changes in the composition of the blood—particularly blood glucose levels. When blood glucose drops (hypoglycemia), the alpha cells of the pancreas detect this decrease and respond by secreting glucagon. Glucagon then stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and to form new glucose (gluconeogenesis), both of which raise blood glucose levels. This process is a classic example of humoral regulation, where the chemical makeup of body fluids directly triggers hormone release.
Which skin structures are responsible for fingerprints?
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Merkel cells
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Arrector pili
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Sudoriferous glands
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Dermal papillae
Explanation
Explanation
Fingerprints are created by unique patterns formed by the dermal papillae—projections from the dermis into the epidermis. These ridges provide grip and enhance tactile sensation. Merkel cells are sensory receptors, arrector pili muscles cause goosebumps, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands help with thermoregulation but do not create fingerprint patterns.Correct Answer Is:
D. Dermal papillaeWhat is considered to be the normal duration of one cardiac cycle?
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one second
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5 seconds
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0.2 second
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0.8 second
Explanation
D. 0.8 second
The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occurs from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. It includes atrial systole (contraction), ventricular systole, and the relaxation phase (diastole) of both chambers. At a typical resting heart rate of 75 beats per minute, each cardiac cycle lasts about 0.8 seconds. This 0.8-second duration is broken down into phases:
●Atrial systole: approximately 0.1 second
●Ventricular systole: approximately 0.3 second
●Complete cardiac diastole (relaxation of all chambers): approximately 0.4 second
This timing allows enough time for the heart to fill with blood and eject it efficiently during each cycle.
Which of the following statements best describes endocrine glands?
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They include the salivary glands
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They secrete chemicals into the blood
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They release their secretions on an internal or external surface
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They secrete their products into ducts
Explanation
Explanation
Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, allowing them to act on distant target tissues. Salivary glands and other duct-releasing glands are exocrine, not endocrine. Endocrine secretions do not go onto body surfaces but circulate internally through the blood.Correct Answer Is:
B. They secrete chemicals into the bloodHow to Order
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