HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology
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Free HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology Questions
Which muscle of the quadriceps femoris group lies on the side surface of the lower extremity?
- A. Gastrocnemius
- B. Vastus lateralis
- C. Anterior tibialis
- D. Rectus femoris
Explanation
Explanation
The vastus lateralis is the largest and most lateral muscle of the quadriceps femoris group. It lies on the outer (lateral) side of the thigh and plays a key role in knee extension. The gastrocnemius is in the calf, the anterior tibialis is in the front of the lower leg, and the rectus femoris runs centrally along the thigh, not on the side.Correct Answer Is:
B. Vastus lateralisThe Enteric Nervous System controls:
- A. Movement of food through the GI tract
- B. Increase of gastric secretions
- C. pH of blood
- D. The vomiting reflex
Explanation
A. Movement of food through the GI tract
The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) is often called the “brain of the gut.” It is a complex network of neurons located in the walls of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is capable of functioning independently of the central nervous system. One of its primary roles is to regulate motility, or the movement of food through the GI tract, by coordinating smooth muscle contractions known as peristalsis. These wave-like contractions help propel food from the esophagus all the way to the rectum.
The ENS also plays a role in local blood flow, secretion of digestive enzymes, and absorption, but its most recognized function is the control of gut motility.
Through what openings of the nose does inhaled air enter the upper respiratory tract?
- A. Nasal cavity
- B. Anterior nares
- C. Nasopharynx
- D. Posterior nares
Explanation
B. Anterior nares
Inhaled air enters the upper respiratory tract through the anterior nares, which are the nostrils. These are the external openings of the nose that lead to the nasal cavity. Once air passes through the anterior nares, it travels into the nasal cavity, where it is filtered, warmed, and humidified before moving further into the respiratory system.
Which skin structures are responsible for fingerprints?
- A. Merkel cells
- B. Arrector pili
- C. Sudoriferous glands
- D. Dermal papillae
Explanation
Explanation
Fingerprints are created by unique patterns formed by the dermal papillae—projections from the dermis into the epidermis. These ridges provide grip and enhance tactile sensation. Merkel cells are sensory receptors, arrector pili muscles cause goosebumps, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands help with thermoregulation but do not create fingerprint patterns.Correct Answer Is:
D. Dermal papillaeAll Target cells:
- A.are found in the blood.
- B.have receptors to which hormones bind.
- C.secret normores.
- D.produce their own hormones
Explanation
Target cells are specific cells in the body that respond to hormones. What makes them "targets" is that they have specific receptor proteins either on their surface or inside the cell that can recognize and bind to a particular hormone. When the hormone binds to its receptor, it triggers a biological response such as altering gene expression, activating enzymes, or changing cell metabolism. Without the appropriate receptor, a hormone has no effect on a cell. For example, insulin receptors on liver, muscle, and fat cells allow those cells to take in glucose in response to insulin. Cells that lack insulin receptors do not respond to insulin.
In white blood cells, what contributes to phagocytosis?
- A. Lysosomes
- B. Golgi apparatus
- C. Vacuoles
- D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation
Explanation
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes that break down bacteria, cellular debris, and foreign material. In phagocytic white blood cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, lysosomes fuse with ingested particles (inside phagosomes) to destroy them. The Golgi apparatus packages proteins, vacuoles store substances, and the endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids, but none directly perform the digestive function essential to phagocytosis.Correct Answer Is:
A. LysosomesWhich hand position describes the anatomical position of a person who is standing erect with feet forward?
- A. Palms of the hand facing medially
- B. Palms of the hand facing laterally
- C. Palms of the hand facing anteriorly
- D. Palms of the hands facing posteriorly
Explanation
Explanation
In the anatomical position, a person stands upright with feet forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing anteriorly (forward). This position standardizes body orientation so anatomical terminology is consistent. When palms face forward, the radius and ulna lie parallel, defining the anatomical reference point used in medicine.Correct Answer Is:
C. Palms of the hand facing anteriorlyWhich part of the electrocardiogram (ECG) would most be affected by abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles?
- A. QRS wave
- B. T wave
- C. R-T interval
- D. P wave
Explanation
A. QRS wave
The QRS wave (or QRS complex) represents ventricular depolarization, which is the electrical activity that triggers contraction of the ventricles. If ventricular depolarization occurs abnormally slowly, the QRS wave becomes widened or prolonged on the ECG. This is because the time it takes for the electrical impulse to spread through the ventricles is longer than normal. Conditions such as bundle branch blocks or ventricular conduction delays are known to slow depolarization and are clearly reflected as changes in the QRS complex.
The right side of the heart receives:
- A. Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation
- B. Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit
- C. Oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation
- D. Deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit
Explanation
A. Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation
The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body (systemic circulation). This blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava, which are large veins that return deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower parts of the body, respectively. From the right atrium, the blood moves to the right ventricle, which then pumps it into the pulmonary arteries for transport to the lungs for oxygenation.
Which advice would be appropriate to offer a person who has very active apocrine glands?
- A. Clean the nails frequently
- B. Obtain treatment for the rash
- C. Keep the ears clean
- D. Use deodorant regularly
Explanation
Apocrine glands are sweat glands found mainly in the armpits and groin areas. They become active during puberty and secrete a thicker fluid that, when broken down by skin bacteria, produces body odor. Regular use of deodorant helps mask odor, while antiperspirants reduce perspiration by temporarily blocking the sweat ducts. Maintaining good hygiene and keeping these areas clean also helps minimize bacterial growth and odor formation.
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