HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology
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Free HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology Questions
Sheena's B lymphocytes (B cells) produced antibodies to protect her about 3-5 days after she was exposed to a virus. What type of immunity do antibodies provide?
- Innate immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity
- Acquired immunity
- Nonspecific immunity
Explanation
C. Acquired immunity
Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is the immunity that develops after exposure to a pathogen or after vaccination. It involves the activation of specific immune cells like B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). In Sheena's case, her B cells produced antibodies in response to the virus, which is a key feature of acquired immunity. These antibodies are highly specific to the pathogen she encountered and help neutralize or eliminate the virus from her body. The immune system's ability to recognize and respond to specific pathogens after exposure is the hallmark of acquired immunity, and it also includes memory, which allows for a faster and more robust response upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.
Lymph traveling from the right arm will be filtered by:
- Cervical lymph nodes
- Axillary lymph nodes
- Mesenteric lymph nodes
- Inguinal lymph nodes
Explanation
B. Axillary lymph nodes
Lymph from the right arm will first drain into the axillary lymph nodes, which are located in the armpit (axilla) region. The axillary lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic drainage system and play a crucial role in filtering lymph as it travels back to the bloodstream. The lymph in the right arm carries waste products, immune cells, and foreign substances (like bacteria or viruses) that need to be filtered by the lymph nodes. After passing through the axillary lymph nodes, the filtered lymph will continue its journey towards the right lymphatic duct, eventually returning to the bloodstream at the junction of the right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein.
Which skin structures are responsible for fingerprints?
- Merkel cells
- Arrector pili
- Sudoriferous glands
- Dermal papillae
Explanation
Explanation
Fingerprints are created by unique patterns formed by the dermal papillae—projections from the dermis into the epidermis. These ridges provide grip and enhance tactile sensation. Merkel cells are sensory receptors, arrector pili muscles cause goosebumps, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands help with thermoregulation but do not create fingerprint patterns.Correct Answer Is:
D. Dermal papillaeWhich of the following blood types is incompatible for donation to A+?
- A-
- O-
- O+
- B-
Explanation
D. B-
The A+ blood type has A antigens on the surface of the red blood cells and the Rh factor (positive). When donating blood to someone with A+ blood, the donor blood must not have anti-A antibodies or anti-Rh antibodies that would attack the recipient's red blood cells.
●B- blood type contains anti-A antibodies (because the B blood type has B antigens) and can also contain anti-Rh antibodies in the case of Rh-negative individuals. Therefore, donating B- blood to someone with A+ blood could cause an immune reaction due to the anti-A antibodies and potential issues with the Rh factor.
Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the:
- Respiratory zone
- Larynx
- Conducting zone
- Upper respiratory tract
Explanation
A. Respiratory zone
Pulmonary gas exchange, the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the air and the blood, occurs in the respiratory zone of the lungs. The respiratory zone includes the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses across the alveolar walls into the capillaries, and carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled.
What cavity of the heart normally has the thickest wall?
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
Explanation
Explanation
The left ventricle has the thickest myocardial wall because it must pump oxygenated blood through the entire systemic circulation. This requires significantly more pressure than the right ventricle, which only pumps blood to the lungs. The atria have much thinner walls because they only need to move blood into the ventricles.Correct Answer Is:
B. Left ventricleWhich type of skin cancer can be recognized in the lesion’s character based on the ABCD rule?
- Sarcoma
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
Explanation
Explanation
The ABCD rule—Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, and Diameter greater than 6 mm—is a clinical guideline specifically used to identify melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer. Melanomas typically show uneven shape, jagged borders, multiple colors, and progressive enlargement. These features distinguish them from basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, which usually appear as localized lesions without the characteristic ABCD changes. The rule is therefore a key early detection tool for melanoma.Correct Answer Is:
C. MelanomaWhich of the following statements best describes endocrine glands?
- They include the salivary glands
- They secrete chemicals into the blood
- They release their secretions on an internal or external surface
- They secrete their products into ducts
Explanation
Explanation
Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, allowing them to act on distant target tissues. Salivary glands and other duct-releasing glands are exocrine, not endocrine. Endocrine secretions do not go onto body surfaces but circulate internally through the blood.Correct Answer Is:
B. They secrete chemicals into the bloodGlucagon operates under:
- Neural stimulation
- Hormonal stimulation
- Neurohormonal stimulation
- Humoral stimulation
Explanation
D. Humoral stimulation
Glucagon secretion is regulated through humoral stimulation, which refers to changes in the composition of the blood—particularly blood glucose levels. When blood glucose drops (hypoglycemia), the alpha cells of the pancreas detect this decrease and respond by secreting glucagon. Glucagon then stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and to form new glucose (gluconeogenesis), both of which raise blood glucose levels. This process is a classic example of humoral regulation, where the chemical makeup of body fluids directly triggers hormone release.
The right and left coronary arteries receive blood from the:
- Ascending aorta
- Superior vena cava
- Coronary sinus
- Pulmonary trunk
Explanation
A. Ascending aorta
The right and left coronary arteries arise from the ascending aorta, just above the aortic valve. These arteries are responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself (the myocardium). After the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta, the coronary arteries branch off from the ascending aorta to deliver blood to the heart tissue. This supply is crucial for the heart's proper function, as the myocardium needs a constant oxygen supply to contract effectively.
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