HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology
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Free HESI A2-Anatomy & Physiology Questions
1.
Where is blood produced in infants after birth?
- Sinusoids of the liver
- Red pulp in the spleen
- Heart
- Red bone marrow
Explanation
Explanation
After birth, red bone marrow becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis (blood cell production). While the liver and spleen produce blood cells during fetal development, this function shifts almost entirely to the red marrow once the infant is born. In infants, most bones—such as the femur, humerus, ribs, and vertebrae—contain active red marrow, which produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. As humans age, red marrow gradually converts into yellow marrow, but in infants it remains fully active.Correct Answer Is:
D. Red bone marrow
2.
Glucagon operates under:
- Neural stimulation
- Hormonal stimulation
- Neurohormonal stimulation
- Humoral stimulation
Explanation
Explanation
D. Humoral stimulation
Glucagon secretion is regulated through humoral stimulation, which refers to changes in the composition of the blood—particularly blood glucose levels. When blood glucose drops (hypoglycemia), the alpha cells of the pancreas detect this decrease and respond by secreting glucagon. Glucagon then stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and to form new glucose (gluconeogenesis), both of which raise blood glucose levels. This process is a classic example of humoral regulation, where the chemical makeup of body fluids directly triggers hormone release.
D. Humoral stimulation
Glucagon secretion is regulated through humoral stimulation, which refers to changes in the composition of the blood—particularly blood glucose levels. When blood glucose drops (hypoglycemia), the alpha cells of the pancreas detect this decrease and respond by secreting glucagon. Glucagon then stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and to form new glucose (gluconeogenesis), both of which raise blood glucose levels. This process is a classic example of humoral regulation, where the chemical makeup of body fluids directly triggers hormone release.
3.
Which WBC is the most prevalent?
- Monocyte
- Basophil
- Eosinophil
- Neutrophil
Explanation
Explanation
D. Neutrophil
Neutrophils are the most prevalent white blood cells (WBCs) in the bloodstream, making up approximately 60-70% of the total white blood cell count. They are part of the body’s innate immune system and play a crucial role in defending against bacterial infections. Neutrophils are phagocytes, meaning they can ingest and destroy bacteria and other pathogens. They are often the first immune cells to arrive at the site of an infection.
D. Neutrophil
Neutrophils are the most prevalent white blood cells (WBCs) in the bloodstream, making up approximately 60-70% of the total white blood cell count. They are part of the body’s innate immune system and play a crucial role in defending against bacterial infections. Neutrophils are phagocytes, meaning they can ingest and destroy bacteria and other pathogens. They are often the first immune cells to arrive at the site of an infection.
4.
A damaged right bundle branch will prevent the passage of the action potential to the:
- atrioventricular (AV) bundle
- atrioventricular (AV) node
- sinoatrial (SA) node
- Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle
Explanation
Explanation
D. Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle
The right bundle branch is part of the heart’s conduction system located in the interventricular septum. After the action potential passes through the AV bundle (bundle of His), it divides into the right and left bundle branches. These branches carry the impulse toward the apex of the heart and then into the Purkinje fibers, which distribute the signal through the ventricular muscle to coordinate contraction. If the right bundle branch is damaged, the electrical impulse cannot be properly conducted to the Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle, delaying or blocking ventricular contraction on the right side.
D. Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle
The right bundle branch is part of the heart’s conduction system located in the interventricular septum. After the action potential passes through the AV bundle (bundle of His), it divides into the right and left bundle branches. These branches carry the impulse toward the apex of the heart and then into the Purkinje fibers, which distribute the signal through the ventricular muscle to coordinate contraction. If the right bundle branch is damaged, the electrical impulse cannot be properly conducted to the Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle, delaying or blocking ventricular contraction on the right side.
5.
Edna complains of weight gain. cold intolerance, and low blood pressure. What disorder does her symptoms match?
- Graves disease
- hypothyroidism
- hyperthyroidism
- exophthalmos
Explanation
Explanation
B. Hypothyroidism
Edna's symptoms — weight gain, cold intolerance, and low blood pressure — are classic indicators of hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces insufficient thyroid hormones (primarily T3 and T4). These hormones are responsible for regulating metabolism, and when they are deficient, the metabolic rate slows down significantly. This results in unexplained weight gain, a reduced tolerance to cold temperatures due to slower metabolism and decreased heat production, and often low blood pressure due to reduced cardiac output and vascular resistance. Other common symptoms may include fatigue, dry skin, constipation, and depression.
B. Hypothyroidism
Edna's symptoms — weight gain, cold intolerance, and low blood pressure — are classic indicators of hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces insufficient thyroid hormones (primarily T3 and T4). These hormones are responsible for regulating metabolism, and when they are deficient, the metabolic rate slows down significantly. This results in unexplained weight gain, a reduced tolerance to cold temperatures due to slower metabolism and decreased heat production, and often low blood pressure due to reduced cardiac output and vascular resistance. Other common symptoms may include fatigue, dry skin, constipation, and depression.
6.
Which type of skin cancer can be recognized in the lesion’s character based on the ABCD rule?
- Sarcoma
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
Explanation
Explanation
The ABCD rule—Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, and Diameter greater than 6 mm—is a clinical guideline specifically used to identify melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer. Melanomas typically show uneven shape, jagged borders, multiple colors, and progressive enlargement. These features distinguish them from basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, which usually appear as localized lesions without the characteristic ABCD changes. The rule is therefore a key early detection tool for melanoma.Correct Answer Is:
C. Melanoma
7.
Absorption is best described as the:
- Elimination of feces and some metabolic wastes
- Passage of foods and liquids from one digestive organ to the next
- Movement of food particles through the wall of the small intestine
- Reactions that break chemical bonds of food particles
Explanation
Explanation
C. Movement of food particles through the wall of the small intestine
Absorption is the process by which nutrients from digested food pass through the epithelial lining of the small intestine into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This is a critical function of the digestive system that allows nutrients like amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals to be transported to the body’s cells for use in growth, repair, and energy.
The small intestine, especially the jejunum and ileum, is the primary site for this process. Its inner surface is lined with villi and microvilli, which increase the surface area to maximize absorption.
C. Movement of food particles through the wall of the small intestine
Absorption is the process by which nutrients from digested food pass through the epithelial lining of the small intestine into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This is a critical function of the digestive system that allows nutrients like amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals to be transported to the body’s cells for use in growth, repair, and energy.
The small intestine, especially the jejunum and ileum, is the primary site for this process. Its inner surface is lined with villi and microvilli, which increase the surface area to maximize absorption.
8.
The genetic code is carried on:
- mRNA
- tRNA
- DNA
- Chromosomes
Explanation
Explanation
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the genetic code that determines all inherited traits. It stores the instructions for protein synthesis and cellular functions. Chromosomes contain DNA, but the actual code is written in the nucleotide sequence of DNA itself. mRNA and tRNA help interpret and carry out the instructions, but they do not store the genetic code.Correct Answer Is:
C. DNA
9.
Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
- Vertebrae
- Long bones of arms and legs
- Long bones of arms and legs
- Flat bones of the skull
Explanation
Explanation
Intramembranous ossification is the process in which bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage model. This method forms flat bones, particularly those of the skull (such as the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones), as well as parts of the mandible and clavicle. These bones require strong, protective structures for the brain, making this direct ossification process ideal. In contrast, long bones and vertebrae form by endochondral ossification.Correct Answer Is:
D. Flat bones of the skull
10.
The Enteric Nervous System controls:
- Movement of food through the GI tract
- Increase of gastric secretions
- pH of blood
- The vomiting reflex
Explanation
Explanation
A. Movement of food through the GI tract
The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) is often called the “brain of the gut.” It is a complex network of neurons located in the walls of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is capable of functioning independently of the central nervous system. One of its primary roles is to regulate motility, or the movement of food through the GI tract, by coordinating smooth muscle contractions known as peristalsis. These wave-like contractions help propel food from the esophagus all the way to the rectum.
The ENS also plays a role in local blood flow, secretion of digestive enzymes, and absorption, but its most recognized function is the control of gut motility.
A. Movement of food through the GI tract
The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) is often called the “brain of the gut.” It is a complex network of neurons located in the walls of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is capable of functioning independently of the central nervous system. One of its primary roles is to regulate motility, or the movement of food through the GI tract, by coordinating smooth muscle contractions known as peristalsis. These wave-like contractions help propel food from the esophagus all the way to the rectum.
The ENS also plays a role in local blood flow, secretion of digestive enzymes, and absorption, but its most recognized function is the control of gut motility.
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