A2-Anatomy & Physiology
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Free A2-Anatomy & Physiology Questions
1.
Glucagon operates under:
- A. Neural stimulation
- B. Hormonal stimulation
- C. Neurohormonal stimulation
- D. Humoral stimulation
Explanation
Explanation
D. Humoral stimulation
Glucagon secretion is regulated through humoral stimulation, which refers to changes in the composition of the blood—particularly blood glucose levels. When blood glucose drops (hypoglycemia), the alpha cells of the pancreas detect this decrease and respond by secreting glucagon. Glucagon then stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and to form new glucose (gluconeogenesis), both of which raise blood glucose levels. This process is a classic example of humoral regulation, where the chemical makeup of body fluids directly triggers hormone release.
D. Humoral stimulation
Glucagon secretion is regulated through humoral stimulation, which refers to changes in the composition of the blood—particularly blood glucose levels. When blood glucose drops (hypoglycemia), the alpha cells of the pancreas detect this decrease and respond by secreting glucagon. Glucagon then stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and to form new glucose (gluconeogenesis), both of which raise blood glucose levels. This process is a classic example of humoral regulation, where the chemical makeup of body fluids directly triggers hormone release.
2.
What happens to the lungs if intrapleural pressure equals or increases above atmospheric pressure?
- A. Inhalation
- B. Overinflation
- C. Burst
- D. Collapse
Explanation
Explanation
D. Collapse
Under normal conditions, the intrapleural pressure (the pressure within the pleural cavity between the lungs and the chest wall) is slightly lower than atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure is crucial because it helps keep the lungs expanded by creating a suction effect that holds the lungs against the inner chest wall. If the intrapleural pressure rises to equal or exceed atmospheric pressure, this suction is lost, and the lungs will recoil and collapse. This condition is known as pneumothorax. It can occur due to trauma (such as a punctured chest wall or ruptured alveoli), allowing air to enter the pleural space and disrupting the pressure balance.
D. Collapse
Under normal conditions, the intrapleural pressure (the pressure within the pleural cavity between the lungs and the chest wall) is slightly lower than atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure is crucial because it helps keep the lungs expanded by creating a suction effect that holds the lungs against the inner chest wall. If the intrapleural pressure rises to equal or exceed atmospheric pressure, this suction is lost, and the lungs will recoil and collapse. This condition is known as pneumothorax. It can occur due to trauma (such as a punctured chest wall or ruptured alveoli), allowing air to enter the pleural space and disrupting the pressure balance.
3.
Which of the following organs contains target cells for oxytocin
- A.lungs
- B.bones
- C.mammary glands
- D.kidneys
Explanation
Explanation
C. Mammary glands
Oxytocin is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland. One of its primary roles is to stimulate milk ejection (let-down reflex) in the mammary glands during breastfeeding. Oxytocin acts on target cells in the smooth muscle of the mammary glands, causing them to contract and expel milk through the ducts to the nipple. Additionally, oxytocin also promotes uterine contractions during labor, but with respect to this question, the mammary glands are the correct organ with oxytocin-responsive target cells.
C. Mammary glands
Oxytocin is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland. One of its primary roles is to stimulate milk ejection (let-down reflex) in the mammary glands during breastfeeding. Oxytocin acts on target cells in the smooth muscle of the mammary glands, causing them to contract and expel milk through the ducts to the nipple. Additionally, oxytocin also promotes uterine contractions during labor, but with respect to this question, the mammary glands are the correct organ with oxytocin-responsive target cells.
4.
Which vessel supplies the systemic circuit with oxygenated blood?
- A. Superior vena cava
- B. Coronary sinus
- C. Pulmonary trunk
- D. Aorta
Explanation
Explanation
D. Aorta
The aorta is the largest artery in the body and is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation. After the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood into the aorta, it branches into smaller arteries that deliver oxygen to tissues and organs throughout the body, enabling proper cellular function.
D. Aorta
The aorta is the largest artery in the body and is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation. After the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood into the aorta, it branches into smaller arteries that deliver oxygen to tissues and organs throughout the body, enabling proper cellular function.
5.
Harie has fragile bones that easily fracture. Which hormone should be checked for normal levels?
- A.thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- B.parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- C.triiodothyronine (T3)
- D.thyroxine (T4)
Explanation
Explanation
B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Harie’s condition of fragile bones that fracture easily points to a possible issue with calcium regulation and bone metabolism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a central role in regulating blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption (the release of calcium from bones), increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting activation of vitamin D. Abnormal levels of PTH — either too high (as in hyperparathyroidism) or too low (as in hypoparathyroidism) — can lead to disturbances in bone density and strength. Elevated PTH, for instance, can cause excessive bone breakdown, weakening bones and making them more prone to fractures. Therefore, assessing PTH levels is critical in evaluating the hormonal cause of brittle bones.
B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Harie’s condition of fragile bones that fracture easily points to a possible issue with calcium regulation and bone metabolism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a central role in regulating blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption (the release of calcium from bones), increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting activation of vitamin D. Abnormal levels of PTH — either too high (as in hyperparathyroidism) or too low (as in hypoparathyroidism) — can lead to disturbances in bone density and strength. Elevated PTH, for instance, can cause excessive bone breakdown, weakening bones and making them more prone to fractures. Therefore, assessing PTH levels is critical in evaluating the hormonal cause of brittle bones.
6.
Clinically, an elevated white blood cell count is indicative of:
- A. arteria
- B. lymphoma
- C. infection
- D. polycythemia
Explanation
Explanation
C. Infection
An elevated white blood cell (WBC) count is commonly a sign of infection. White blood cells are a key part of the immune system and play an essential role in fighting off infections. When the body is battling an infection, it produces more white blood cells to help combat the invading pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Therefore, an increased WBC count is often observed in conditions such as bacterial infections, viral infections, and other inflammatory diseases.
C. Infection
An elevated white blood cell (WBC) count is commonly a sign of infection. White blood cells are a key part of the immune system and play an essential role in fighting off infections. When the body is battling an infection, it produces more white blood cells to help combat the invading pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Therefore, an increased WBC count is often observed in conditions such as bacterial infections, viral infections, and other inflammatory diseases.
7.
Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of:
- A. T lymphocytes
- B. B lymphocytes
- C. Alpha cells
- D. Chief cells
Explanation
Explanation
A. T lymphocytes
Thymosin and thymopoietin are hormones secreted by the thymus, an organ located in the upper chest behind the sternum. These hormones play a critical role in the maturation and differentiation of T lymphocytes (T cells), which are essential components of the adaptive immune system. Immature T cells originate in the bone marrow but migrate to the thymus, where thymic hormones help them develop the ability to recognize foreign antigens while avoiding attacks on the body's own tissues. This process is crucial for developing a functional and self-tolerant T-cell population.
A. T lymphocytes
Thymosin and thymopoietin are hormones secreted by the thymus, an organ located in the upper chest behind the sternum. These hormones play a critical role in the maturation and differentiation of T lymphocytes (T cells), which are essential components of the adaptive immune system. Immature T cells originate in the bone marrow but migrate to the thymus, where thymic hormones help them develop the ability to recognize foreign antigens while avoiding attacks on the body's own tissues. This process is crucial for developing a functional and self-tolerant T-cell population.
8.
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the:
- A. Right arm
- B. Right leg
- C. Left leg
- D. Left arm
Explanation
Explanation
A. Right arm
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right upper quadrant of the body, including the right arm, right side of the head and neck, and the right side of the chest. This duct ultimately empties into the right subclavian vein, where the lymph is reintroduced into the bloodstream.
A. Right arm
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right upper quadrant of the body, including the right arm, right side of the head and neck, and the right side of the chest. This duct ultimately empties into the right subclavian vein, where the lymph is reintroduced into the bloodstream.
9.
Which of the following glands is anatomically located in the neck region, lust anterior to the larynx
- A.Pancreas
- B.pituitary gland
- C.thyroid gland
- D.Thymus
Explanation
Explanation
C. Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is anatomically located in the anterior neck, just inferior (below) to the larynx (voice box) and anterior (in front of) the trachea. It is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland composed of two lobes connected by a central isthmus. The thyroid produces essential hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate the body’s metabolism, growth, and development. Because of its location and critical endocrine function, it is the gland most associated with the anterior neck region.
C. Thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is anatomically located in the anterior neck, just inferior (below) to the larynx (voice box) and anterior (in front of) the trachea. It is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland composed of two lobes connected by a central isthmus. The thyroid produces essential hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate the body’s metabolism, growth, and development. Because of its location and critical endocrine function, it is the gland most associated with the anterior neck region.
10.
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?
- A.No hormones are made by the posterior pituitary.
- B.antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
- C.stimulating hormones
- D.releasing and inhibiting hormones
Explanation
Explanation
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) stores and releases two hormones: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. However, these hormones are not synthesized in the posterior pituitary. They are produced in the hypothalamus (specifically, in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei), then transported down nerve axons and stored in the posterior pituitary until released into the bloodstream.
ADH helps regulate water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, and oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) stores and releases two hormones: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. However, these hormones are not synthesized in the posterior pituitary. They are produced in the hypothalamus (specifically, in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei), then transported down nerve axons and stored in the posterior pituitary until released into the bloodstream.
ADH helps regulate water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, and oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
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