Statistical Data Literacy D772
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Free Statistical Data Literacy D772 Questions
A "population" is defined as:
- A. A number or measurement collected as a result of observation.
- B. A measurable characteristic of a population.
- C. A subset of a sample.
- D. The complete set of individuals, objects, or measurements about which we wish to draw a conclusion.
- E. none of the above
Explanation
Explanation
In statistics, a population refers to the entire group of individuals, objects, or measurements that are of interest in a study. Researchers aim to draw conclusions about this full group. A single measurement is an observation, and a measurable characteristic is a variable. A subset of a population is called a sample. Therefore, a population is the complete set about which conclusions are made.Correct Answer Is:
The complete set of individuals, objects, or measurements about which we wish to draw a conclusion.Which of the following best describes raw data?
- A. Data that has been analyzed and summarized for clarity.
- B. Information collected in its original form, which may contain errors.
- C. Data that has been organized into categories for easier interpretation.
- D. Processed information that is ready for statistical analysis.
Explanation
Explanation
Raw data refers to information gathered directly from observations, surveys, experiments, or measurements before any processing, organization, or analysis has occurred. At this stage, the data may include mistakes, inconsistencies, or incomplete entries because it has not yet been cleaned or structured. Once data has been summarized, categorized, or processed for interpretation, it is no longer considered raw. Therefore, raw data is best described as information collected in its original form.Correct Answer Is:
Information collected in its original form, which may contain errors.Why the other options are incorrect:
In an experiment, what is the purpose of random assignment?
- A. To eliminate the need for a control group
- B. To make participants unaware of the treatment they are receiving
- C. To make groups comparable
- D. To ensure every participant receives the treatment
Explanation
Explanation
Random assignment is used to assign participants to different treatment or control groups by chance. This process helps ensure that the groups are similar at the start of the experiment, reducing the impact of confounding variables. By making the groups comparable, researchers can more confidently attribute differences in outcomes to the treatment rather than other factors.Correct Answer Is:
To make groups comparableIn drawing conclusions about a population, researchers select a group from within the larger population; this is called a:
- A. Median
- B. Test
- C. Conclusion
- D. Sample
Explanation
Explanation
When researchers want to draw conclusions about a large population, they often select a smaller group to study. This smaller group is intended to represent the larger population and is used to make statistical inferences. The term for this selected subgroup is a sample. It is not a median, test, or conclusion, but rather the subset chosen for analysis.Correct Answer Is:
SampleWhat does a scatterplot pattern that forms a straight line indicate?
- A. Nonlinear Relationship
- B. Perceived Lack of Anonymity
- C. Sampling Frame Error
- D. Linear Relationship
Explanation
Explanation
When points on a scatterplot align closely along a straight line, it indicates a linear relationship between the two variables. This means that as one variable increases or decreases, the other variable changes in a consistent and proportional way. The pattern suggests a direct and steady association rather than a curved or irregular trend.Correct Answer Is:
Linear RelationshipWhy is it important to use data instead of relying solely on personal stories or anecdotes in research?
- A. Data provides a comprehensive view across multiple cases rather than focusing on isolated incidents.
- B. Anecdotes are always more reliable than data.
- C. Data can be manipulated to support any argument.
- D. Anecdotes are easier to collect than data.
Explanation
Explanation
Research relies on systematic data collection because data represents patterns and trends across many individuals or cases. Personal stories may highlight individual experiences, but they do not necessarily reflect broader realities. Data allows researchers to analyze evidence objectively, reduce bias, and draw conclusions that are supported by measurable information. Therefore, using data provides a more comprehensive and reliable foundation than relying on isolated anecdotes.Correct Answer Is:
Data provides a comprehensive view across multiple cases rather than focusing on isolated incidents.Why the other options are incorrect:
Data is a collection of text, numbers, images, etc. that has NOT been
- A. stored
- B. used
- C. programmed
- D. collected
- E. processed
Explanation
Explanation
Data consist of raw facts, figures, or observations that have not yet been analyzed or interpreted. Before processing, data remain in their original form and have not been organized into meaningful information. Once data are processed, they are transformed into information that can be interpreted and used for decision making. Therefore, data are defined as a collection of items that have not been processed.Correct Answer Is:
processed(Categorical/Quantitative) variable places an individual into one of several groups of (categories/numbers)
- A. Categorical, categories
- B. Quantitative, numbers
- C. Categorical, numbers
- D. Quantitative, categories
Explanation
Explanation
A categorical variable assigns individuals to distinct groups or labels based on shared characteristics. These groups represent categories rather than numerical measurements. Quantitative variables, in contrast, measure numerical amounts. Therefore, the correct pairing is categorical variables and categories.Correct Answer Is:
Categorical, categoriesWhy the other options are incorrect:
What is a parameter in the context of data collection?
- A. A numerical value that describes a characteristic of a sample.
- B. The raw data collected for analysis.
- C. A method of sampling that includes every individual in the population.
- D. A numerical value describing a characteristic of an entire population.
Explanation
Explanation
A parameter is a numerical value that describes a characteristic of the entire population. For example, the population mean or population proportion. A statistic, on the other hand, describes a characteristic of a sample, not the entire population. A parameter provides a true value but is often unknown due to the impracticality of collecting data from an entire population.Correct Answer Is:
A numerical value describing a characteristic of an entire population.What is the purpose of observational studies?
- A. To manipulate variables to see their effects on other variables.
- B. To gather data only through surveys and questionnaires.
- C. To select individuals based on specific characteristics for a controlled experiment.
- D. To observe and record data on variables as they naturally occur, without any intervention.
Explanation
Explanation
Observational studies are designed to observe and record data without intervening or manipulating variables. Researchers simply collect data as it naturally occurs to understand relationships between variables. Unlike experimental studies, there is no active manipulation of the study conditions.Correct Answer Is:
To observe and record data on variables as they naturally occur, without any intervention.How to Order
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