Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence (D265)
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Free Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence (D265) Questions
Which statement about how to respond to bias is correct
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Difernt forms of bias are best responded to in different ways, depending on how they impact a person
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Since humans are bound to be influenced by bias in everything they do, there is no point in trying to respond to bias
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Humans are not influenced by bias
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All different forms of bias can be responded to in the same way: by putting extra weight on any conclusion that does not seem immediately plausible.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A.) Different forms of bias are best responded to in different ways, depending on how they impact a person.
Explanation:
Different types of biases—such as availability bias, confirmation bias, and anchoring bias—require different strategies for mitigation. For example, availability bias can be addressed by seeking diverse examples, while confirmation bias can be addressed by actively considering opposing viewpoints.
Why the other options are wrong:
B.) Since humans are bound to be influenced by bias in everything they do, there is no point in trying to respond to bias:
This statement is incorrect; it is crucial to recognize and address biases to make more objective decisions.
C.) Humans are not influenced by bias:
This is false; humans are highly influenced by cognitive biases, which affect judgment and decision-making.
D.) All different forms of bias can be responded to in the same way: by putting extra weight on any conclusion that does not seem immediately plausible:
This is a flawed approach. Each bias requires a specific response to reduce its impact, rather than just questioning conclusions that seem implausible.
A student has difficulty taking notes during class because their instructor speaks quickly. What is the best recommendation for the student
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Paraphrasing lectures by using abbreviations
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Recopying notes at least two times at home
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Taking notes directly in the textbook
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Recording the lecture without taking notes
Explanation
Correct answer:
a. Paraphrasing lectures by using abbreviations
Explanation:
Paraphrasing using abbreviations allows the student to capture key information quickly during a fast-paced lecture, helping them keep up with the instructor’s speed and understand the material.
Why the other options are wrong:
b. Recopying notes at least two times at home: Recopying notes can be time-consuming and may not address the immediate issue of taking effective notes during a fast-paced lecture.
c. Taking notes directly in the textbook: Taking notes directly in the textbook can limit flexibility in reviewing or reorganizing material later.
d. Recording the lecture without taking notes: While recording can be helpful, it may not promote active listening or engagement. The student should still try to take notes, even if it's challenging.
Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph
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Many people are not sure where they can go to get care.
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The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively affects many of us
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What can be done to improve this
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Many people are unsure exactly how their health insurance coverage works and are not sure where they can go to get care
Explanation
Correct answer:
A. Many people are not sure where they can go to get care.
Explanation:
A simple proposition is a declarative sentence that expresses a single, verifiable idea that can be judged as either true or false. "Many people are not sure where they can go to get care" is a straightforward statement that can be evaluated for truth, making it a simple proposition.
Why the other options are wrong:
B. This is a complex proposition, as it combines two ideas with "and." It cannot be evaluated as a single true or false statement because it contains two different assertions.
C. This is a question, and questions are not propositions, as they cannot be evaluated as true or false.
D. This is also a complex proposition because it includes two clauses connected by "and," making it more than a simple, single assertion.
How can healthcare professionals identify SMART goals
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Set goals across many different domains and topics to diversify
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Allow flexible timeline for completion
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Place quantifiable metrics to assess progress over time
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Implement broad goals to allow for higher likelihood of achieving them
Explanation
Correct answer:
c. Place quantifiable metrics to assess progress over time
Explanation:
SMART goals are defined as Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. The key element for identifying these goals is placing quantifiable metrics to track and assess progress effectively.
Why the other options are wrong:
a. Set goals across many different domains and topics to diversify: SMART goals focus on specific, measurable outcomes, not on spreading across various domains.
b. Allow flexible timeline for completion: The "T" in SMART goals stands for time-bound, which requires a clear, fixed timeline rather than flexibility.
d. Implement broad goals to allow for higher likelihood of achieving them: SMART goals need to be specific and precise, not broad, to be effective.
If the computer is not fixed, then the company either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity. Which of the following breaks down the complex proposition above into the simple propositions
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If the computer is not fixed, then the company needs to buy a new one. The company will not be able to keep up productivity.
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The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company will not be able to keep up productivity.
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The computer is not fixed. The company either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity.
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The company does not have enough computers.
Explanation
Correct answer:
C. The computer is not fixed. The company either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity.
Explanation:
This option accurately breaks down the complex proposition into its simpler components. The original statement is a conditional proposition ("If the computer is not fixed..."), followed by a disjunction ("either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity"). Option C captures both the condition and the disjunction properly.
Why the other options are wrong:
A. This option incorrectly separates the two outcomes as independent statements, whereas the original proposition presents a disjunction as a consequence of the computer not being fixed.
B. This option is incorrect because it implies the computer is not fixed and also presents the two possible outcomes as independent, missing the conditional relationship.
D. This statement is irrelevant and doesn't relate to the given complex proposition.
Which words or phrases are conclusion indicators
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As a result
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For
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Hence
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As indicated by
Explanation
Correct answers:
A. As a result,
C. Hence
Explanation:
Conclusion indicators signal the outcome or result of an argument based on the premises. "As a result" and "Hence" are used to introduce conclusions.
Why the other options are wrong:
B. "For" is a premise indicator, not a conclusion indicator.
D. "As indicated by" is typically used to support premises rather than signal a conclusion.
All dogs can fly. Ginger is a dog. Therefore, Ginger can fly
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Deductive
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Valid
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True
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Sound
Explanation
Correct answers:
A.) Deductive
B.) Valid
Explanation:
This argument is deductive because it presents a general premise ("All dogs can fly") and a specific case ("Ginger is a dog") to conclude something that must logically follow ("Ginger can fly"). The structure of the argument is deductive, where the conclusion is meant to be true if the premises are true.
The argument is also valid because the conclusion follows logically from the premises, even though the premises themselves are factually incorrect. Validity refers to the structure of the argument, not the truth of the premises.
Why the other options are wrong:
C.) True: The premises in the argument are false (dogs cannot fly), so the argument is not "true" as a whole. Truth applies to the content of the premises, not the reasoning structure.
D.) Sound: The argument is not sound because for an argument to be sound, it must be both valid and have all true premises. Since the premises are not true, the argument cannot be sound
Which error may the principle of charity help minimize
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Representativenes
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Confirmation bias
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Denying the antecedent
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Anchoring and adjustment
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B.) Confirmation bias
Explanation:
The principle of charity involves interpreting others' arguments in their strongest and most reasonable form, rather than dismissing or misrepresenting them to easily refute them. This approach can help minimize confirmation bias by encouraging a more balanced and thoughtful consideration of opposing viewpoints, rather than only focusing on information that confirms one's own beliefs.Why the other options are wrong:
A.) Representativeness:
Representativeness bias occurs when an individual makes judgments based on how similar something is to a stereotype. The principle of charity does not directly address this type of bias.
C.) Denying the antecedent:
Denying the antecedent is a logical fallacy, not a cognitive bias. The principle of charity is not aimed at addressing logical fallacies directly.
D.) Anchoring and adjustment:
Anchoring and adjustment involve using an initial piece of information (the anchor) as a reference for making judgments. The principle of charity is unrelated to the process of adjusting judgments based on initial anchors.
Which strategy helps to reduce test anxiety during an exam
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Cramming the night before the test
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Staying in the same position during the test
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Using flashcards to study
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Taking several long, deep breaths
Explanation
Correct answer:
d. Taking several long, deep breaths
Explanation:
Deep breathing helps to relax the body, reduce stress, and improve focus during the test, making it easier to manage anxiety and perform better.
Why the other options are wrong:
a. Cramming the night before the test: Cramming increases stress and is not an effective way to retain information, often leading to more anxiety.
b. Staying in the same position during the test: This doesn’t address anxiety directly. Movement or a change in posture can sometimes help reduce physical tension.
c. Using flashcards to study: While flashcards are a good study tool, they do not specifically address anxiety during the exam itself.
Elliott notices that many of the news articles, blogs, social media postings, and other information she sees on the internet support her view on a particular issue. Based on this information, what can Elliott reasonably conclude with respect to their view on the issue
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Most people likely agree with Elliott's view
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Elliott's view is most likely incorrect.
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Elliott's view is most likely correct
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Algorithms may be linking Elliott with like-minded information
Explanation
Correct Answer:
D.) Algorithms may be linking Elliott with like-minded information.
Explanation:
Online platforms use algorithms to personalize content based on a user’s previous interactions. This creates an "echo chamber" effect, where Elliott is more likely to see information that aligns with her existing views, rather than a balanced or opposing perspective.
Why the other options are wrong:
A.) Most people likely agree with Elliott's view: Just because Elliott encounters a lot of content that supports her perspective does not mean that it represents the majority opinion. Online algorithms filter information, making it seem more widespread than it actually is.
B.) Elliott's view is most likely incorrect: The presence of like-minded information does not determine correctness. The accuracy of a view must be assessed through evidence and critical analysis, not just the frequency of similar opinions online.
C.) Elliott's view is most likely correct: Seeing repeated support for a view does not guarantee its correctness. Confirmation bias and algorithmic filtering can distort the perception of truth
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Frequently Asked Question
These questions are designed to help students improve their critical thinking skills by evaluating arguments, identifying logical fallacies, and assessing the quality of evidence. They align with PHIL 1020 D265 Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence.
The questions focus on: Logical fallacies (e.g., appeal to authority, circular reasoning, false cause) Evaluating evidence and reasoning Distinguishing between correlation and causation Identifying weak vs. strong arguments
Students taking PHIL 1020 D265 or anyone interested in improving their reasoning, argument analysis, and critical thinking skills.
These questions help students recognize flawed reasoning, construct stronger arguments, and develop analytical skills essential for academic success in philosophy, law, business, and other disciplines.
New questions are regularly generated to provide fresh challenges and cover different aspects of reasoning and argument evaluation.
You can find additional critical thinking practice questions on ulosca.com, where curated exam prep resources are available.