Introduction to Cryptography (D334)
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Free Introduction to Cryptography (D334) Questions
Which wireless security standard uses an authentication server with 802.1X and EAP?
- WPA-Enterprise
- TKIP
- WPA-PSK
- WEP
Explanation
Explanation
WPA-Enterprise uses IEEE 802.1X for port-based network access control and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) for authentication. It relies on a centralized authentication server, typically RADIUS, to validate user or device credentials. This model supports individual authentication, dynamic key management, and stronger security controls than pre-shared key approaches, making it suitable for enterprise environments.Correct Answer Is:
WPA-EnterpriseWhich attack maps hashed values and original data?
- Brute-force
- Birthday
- Rainbow table
- Dictionary
Explanation
Explanation
A rainbow table attack uses precomputed tables that map plaintext values to their corresponding hash outputs. By comparing stored hashes against these tables, attackers can quickly identify the original data without recalculating hashes each time. This makes rainbow table attacks far more efficient than brute-force attacks, especially against unsalted hashes.Correct Answer Is:
Rainbow tableWhich encryption algorithm encrypts with one key, decrypts with another key, and then encrypts with the first key?
- DES
- IDEA
- AES
- 3DES
Explanation
Explanation
Triple DES (3DES) uses a process known as Encrypt–Decrypt–Encrypt (EDE). In this method, data is first encrypted with one key, then decrypted with a second key, and finally encrypted again with the first key. This design increases the effective key strength compared to single DES and was created to extend DES security while maintaining backward compatibility.Correct Answer Is:
3DESWhat is the correlation between the number of rounds and the key length used in an AES algorithm?
- The key length is the same regardless of the number of rounds.
- The number of rounds is the same regardless of the key length.
- The number of rounds increases as the key length increases.
- The number of rounds decreases as the key length increases.
Explanation
Explanation
In AES, the number of encryption rounds is directly related to the key length. AES-128 uses 10 rounds, AES-192 uses 12 rounds, and AES-256 uses 14 rounds. As the key length increases, additional rounds are added to strengthen resistance against cryptographic attacks, increasing overall security while maintaining a fixed block size of 128 bits.Correct Answer Is:
The number of rounds increases as the key length increases.What is homomorphic encryption?
- A method of generating random numbers for encryption purposes
- A process of decrypting data without the need for a key
- A method of securely transmitting data over a network
- A technique that allows for computations to be performed on encrypted data without decrypting it
Explanation
Correct answer
D. A technique that allows for computations to be performed on encrypted data without decrypting it
Explanation
Homomorphic encryption is a cryptographic method that allows computations to be carried out directly on encrypted data without needing to decrypt it first. The result of those computations remains encrypted, and when decrypted, it matches the result of operations performed on the plaintext. This makes it especially useful in privacy-preserving cloud computing and secure data processing. The other options describe unrelated concepts such as keyless decryption, data transmission, or random number generation.
How does OFB mode encryption function?
- Encrypts each block with the same key, where each block is independent of the others
- Uses an initialization vector (IV) to encrypt the first block, then uses the result of the encryption to encrypt the next block
- Converts from block to stream, then uses a counter value and a nonce to encrypt the data
- Uses an encrypted version of the initialization vector (IV) and XORs the data, then uses the result from the first block to encrypt the next block
Explanation
Explanation
OFB (Output Feedback) mode encryption generates a stream of pseudo-random bits using an encrypted initialization vector (IV), and XORs these bits with the plaintext data. This ensures the data is encrypted without directly chaining blocks together.Correct Answer Is:
D) Uses an encrypted version of the initialization vector (IV) and XORs the data, then uses the result from the first block to encrypt the next blockIn terms of cryptanalysis, what does it mean to break a cipher
-
Finding a method to decrypt a message that is at least twice as efficient as brute force
-
Trying every possible key until you can decrypt the message
-
Deploying an algorithm that uses a 228-bit key
-
Finding any method to decrypt the message that is more efficient than brute force
Explanation
Correct Answer D. Finding any method to decrypt the message that is more efficient than brute force
Explanation
Breaking a cipher refers to finding a method that allows a cryptanalyst to decrypt a message more efficiently than by using brute force, which involves trying every possible key. Cryptanalysis seeks shortcuts, patterns, or weaknesses in the encryption that can be exploited to recover the plaintext without needing to try all possible combinations.
Why other options are wrong
A. Finding a method to decrypt a message that is at least twice as efficient as brute force
This is incorrect. There is no specific requirement that the method must be "twice as efficient" as brute force. Breaking a cipher just means finding a more efficient method, regardless of the exact degree of improvement.
B. Trying every possible key until you can decrypt the message
This is incorrect. Trying every possible key is brute force, not cryptanalysis. Cryptanalysis aims to find methods that are more efficient than brute force, not rely on it.
C. Deploying an algorithm that uses a 228-bit key
This is incorrect. The size of the key used in an algorithm has no bearing on the concept of breaking a cipher. Breaking a cipher involves finding an efficient method to decrypt a message, not related to the key size.
Which of the following statements is not true of one-time pads
-
The pads must not be reused.
-
The key must be generated randomly.
-
The key must be at least as long as the message to be encrypted.
-
The pads, much like a public key, do not need to be protected from physical disclosure.
Explanation
Correct Answer D. The pads, much like a public key, do not need to be protected from physical disclosure.
Explanation
This statement is false. One-time pads are considered secure only when the key (the pad) is kept secret and is never reused. If the key is exposed or reused, the security of the encryption is compromised. Unlike public keys, which can be shared openly in asymmetric encryption systems, the pads in one-time pads must be carefully protected from physical disclosure to maintain the security of the system.
Why other options are wrong
A. The pads must not be reused.
This is true. Reusing the same key for multiple messages breaks the security of the one-time pad and can allow attackers to decipher the messages.
B. The key must be generated randomly.
This is true. The key in a one-time pad must be generated randomly to ensure that there are no predictable patterns that could be exploited by attackers.
C. The key must be at least as long as the message to be encrypted.
This is true. The length of the key must match the length of the message to ensure each letter in the message is encrypted with a corresponding part of the key.
In cryptography _____ is ordinary readable text before being encrypted into ciphertext or after
-
Plain text
-
Cipher text
-
Encryption
-
Decryption
Explanation
Correct Answer A. Plain text
Explanation
Plaintext is the ordinary readable text before encryption or after decryption. It is the original message in a format that can be read by both the sender and the recipient without any encryption or obscuration applied.
Why other options are wrong
B. Cipher text
Ciphertext refers to the encrypted message, which is unreadable without the appropriate decryption key. It is the result of encryption, not the original readable text.
C. Encryption
Encryption is the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key. It is not a type of text, but rather the action that transforms plaintext into ciphertext.
D. Decryption
Decryption is the process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext, making the message readable again. It is not the text itself but the action performed to restore the original readable message.
How do letter frequency counts assist in breaking ciphers during cryptanalysis
-
They provide a method for encrypting messages more securely.
-
They allow cryptanalysts to match ciphertext letters with their most common plaintext equivalents.
-
They help in generating random keys for encryption.
-
They ensure that all letters in the plaintext are equally represented in the ciphertext.
Explanation
Correct Answer B. They allow cryptanalysts to match ciphertext letters with their most common plaintext equivalents.
Explanation
Letter frequency analysis is a common method used in cryptanalysis to break substitution ciphers. In many languages, certain letters appear more frequently than others (e.g., 'E' is the most common letter in English). By counting the frequency of letters in the ciphertext and comparing them to known frequency distributions for the target language, cryptanalysts can make educated guesses about the mapping between ciphertext letters and plaintext letters.
Why other options are wrong
A. They provide a method for encrypting messages more securely.
This is incorrect. Letter frequency counts are used to break ciphers, not to enhance security. They are a tool for cryptanalysis rather than encryption.
C. They help in generating random keys for encryption.
This is incorrect. Letter frequency counts do not generate keys for encryption. Instead, they help in analyzing the structure of a cipher.
D. They ensure that all letters in the plaintext are equally represented in the ciphertext.
This is incorrect. The goal of frequency analysis is to find patterns or inconsistencies in the distribution of letters. If all letters in the plaintext were , fequally representedrequency analysis would be ineffective.
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You’ll dive into core cryptographic principles including symmetric and asymmetric encryption (e.g., AES, RSA), hashing (SHA, MD5), digital signatures, key management, and secure protocols like SSL/TLS.
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