Introduction to Cryptography (D334)
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Free Introduction to Cryptography (D334) Questions
The Vigenère cipher works as a
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symmetric encryption cipher
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Transposition and substitution cipher
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Polyalphabetic transposition cipher
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Polyalphabetic substitution cipher
Explanation
Correct Answer D. Polyalphabetic substitution cipher
Explanation
The Vigenère cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher. It uses a key to determine how each letter in the plaintext is substituted by a corresponding letter from a shifted alphabet. Unlike simple substitution ciphers, where one letter is substituted for another throughout the message, the Vigenère cipher shifts the alphabet according to the letters in the key, making the cipher more secure than basic substitution ciphers.
Why other options are wrong
A. Asymmetric encryption cipher
The Vigenère cipher is not an asymmetric encryption cipher, as it does not use a pair of keys (public and private) for encryption and decryption. Asymmetric ciphers like RSA use different keys for encryption and decryption, unlike the Vigenère cipher, which uses the same key for both.
B. Transposition and substitution cipher
The Vigenère cipher is not a transposition cipher because it does not rearrange the order of letters in the plaintext. It is purely a substitution cipher, where each letter is replaced based on a system derived from the key, rather than being shuffled around.
C. Polyalphabetic transposition cipher
Although the Vigenère cipher is a polyalphabetic cipher, it is not a transposition cipher. Transposition ciphers work by rearranging the order of the letters, while the Vigenère cipher uses a series of different substitution alphabets based on the key, not a rearrangement of the letters
What is the length (in bits) of a SHA hash output?
- A. 40
- B. 80
- C. 160
- D. 320
Explanation
Explanation
This question refers to SHA-1, one of the original Secure Hash Algorithm variants. SHA-1 produces a fixed-length hash output of 160 bits. Although SHA-1 is now considered cryptographically weak and deprecated for security-sensitive applications, its output size is a commonly tested foundational concept in cryptography and security exams.Correct Answer Is:
160Which symmetric encryption technique uses a 112-bit key size and a 64-bit block size?
- A. AES
- B. 3DES
- C. IDEA
- D. DES
Explanation
Explanation
Triple DES (3DES) applies the DES algorithm three times using either two or three keys. When two keys are used, the effective key strength is 112 bits, and it retains DES’s 64-bit block size. This design was intended to extend the life of DES by increasing key strength, though the small block size makes it inefficient and vulnerable to certain modern cryptographic attacks.Correct Answer Is:
3DESWhich of the following statements is not true of one-time pads
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The pads must not be reused.
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The key must be generated randomly.
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The key must be at least as long as the message to be encrypted.
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The pads, much like a public key, do not need to be protected from physical disclosure.
Explanation
Correct Answer D. The pads, much like a public key, do not need to be protected from physical disclosure.
Explanation
This statement is false. One-time pads are considered secure only when the key (the pad) is kept secret and is never reused. If the key is exposed or reused, the security of the encryption is compromised. Unlike public keys, which can be shared openly in asymmetric encryption systems, the pads in one-time pads must be carefully protected from physical disclosure to maintain the security of the system.
Why other options are wrong
A. The pads must not be reused.
This is true. Reusing the same key for multiple messages breaks the security of the one-time pad and can allow attackers to decipher the messages.
B. The key must be generated randomly.
This is true. The key in a one-time pad must be generated randomly to ensure that there are no predictable patterns that could be exploited by attackers.
C. The key must be at least as long as the message to be encrypted.
This is true. The length of the key must match the length of the message to ensure each letter in the message is encrypted with a corresponding part of the key.
A security engineer is implementing device authentication as a form of two-factor authentication in a public key infrastructure (PKI) environment. What should be used as a second form of authentication?
- A. Symmetric encryption
- B. Asymmetric encryption
- C. Digital certificate
- D. Digital signature
Explanation
Explanation
In a PKI environment, a digital certificate serves as a strong second authentication factor because it represents something the device possesses. The certificate binds the device’s identity to a public key and is issued and trusted through a certificate authority. Encryption methods and digital signatures are cryptographic processes, not authentication factors themselves, whereas a certificate directly supports identity verification.Correct Answer Is:
Digital certificateWhat is a component of a one-time password (OTP) that is needed to guess future iterations of passwords?
- A. Encryption algorithm
- B. Initialization vector
- C. Seed
- D. Function
Explanation
Explanation
A seed is the critical starting value used in OTP generation algorithms. It initializes the algorithm that produces the sequence of one-time passwords. If an attacker were to obtain the seed, they could potentially predict future OTP values. The encryption algorithm, initialization vector, and function alone are not sufficient to determine future password iterations without the seed.Correct Answer Is:
SeedA principle motivation in developing polyalphabetic ciphers was
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To reduce the size of the key to something that could be easily remembered
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To overcome the fact that nearly all monoalphabetic ciphers had already been used
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To flatten the frequency distribution of the ciphertext characters
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To increase the size of the key space
Explanation
Correct Answer C. To flatten the frequency distribution of the ciphertext characters
Explanation
Polyalphabetic ciphers were designed to address the weaknesses of monoalphabetic ciphers, particularly their vulnerability to frequency analysis. In a monoalphabetic cipher, each letter in the plaintext is replaced with a specific letter in the ciphertext, which means that frequent letters in the plaintext (like 'E' or 'T') will appear frequently in the ciphertext. Polyalphabetic ciphers use multiple cipher alphabets, making it much harder to identify patterns and flattening the frequency distribution of ciphertext characters.
Why other options are wrong
A. To reduce the size of the key to something that could be easily remembered
Polyalphabetic ciphers actually use larger and more complex keys than monoalphabetic ciphers, and the aim was not to make the key easier to remember. The motivation was to make the encryption stronger by using different alphabets, not to simplify the key management.
B. To overcome the fact that nearly all monoalphabetic ciphers had already been used
While it’s true that polyalphabetic ciphers were developed to enhance security, the main reason was to reduce the vulnerability of monoalphabetic ciphers to frequency analysis. The idea was to make the cipher stronger, not simply because monoalphabetic ciphers were already in use.
D. To increase the size of the key space
Increasing the key space could be a result of using polyalphabetic ciphers, but this was not the primary motivation. The primary goal was to make cryptanalysis more difficult by flattening the frequency distribution, thus improving the security of the encryption system.
What is a significant difficulty in managing key distribution for symmetric encryption systems
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Ensuring the key is the same length as the message
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Maintaining the secrecy of the key during transmission
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Using the same key for both encryption and decryption
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Generating keys that are easy to remember
Explanation
Correct Answer B. Maintaining the secrecy of the key during transmission
Explanation
In symmetric encryption, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption, and it must be shared between parties securely. The major challenge lies in transmitting the key without exposing it to unauthorized entities. If the key is intercepted, the security of the encrypted data is completely compromised. Therefore, secure key distribution is critical in symmetric systems.
Why other options are wrong
A. Ensuring the key is the same length as the message
Key length does not have to match the message length in symmetric encryption. While some stream ciphers might use keys equal in length to the message, this is not a general requirement. Symmetric encryption algorithms like AES use fixed key lengths regardless of message size, making this option incorrect.
C. Using the same key for both encryption and decryption
While this is a characteristic of symmetric encryption, it is not a difficulty in key distribution. The issue is not the use of the same key, but how to securely share that key between parties. The challenge is not in the symmetry of the key use, but in the logistics of sharing it safely.
D. Generating keys that are easy to remember
Keys are typically generated to be secure, not memorable. In fact, a key that is easy to remember may be more vulnerable to brute-force attacks. Modern symmetric encryption relies on randomly generated keys, and memorability is not a consideration in key distribution.
What is the definition of 'ciphertext'
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A coded message
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An original message
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An algorithm for transforming plaintext to ciphertext
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Information used in a cipher
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Converting plaintext to ciphertext
Explanation
Correct Answer A. A coded message
Explanation
Ciphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm and a key. It is a scrambled and unreadable version of the original message intended to protect the information from unauthorized access. Only someone with the correct decryption key can convert ciphertext back into its original plaintext form. This is why ciphertext is often referred to as a coded message.
Why other options are wrong
B. An original message
This refers to plaintext, not ciphertext. Ciphertext is the output of encrypting the original message, so equating ciphertext with the original message is incorrect. The original message is human-readable before encryption, while ciphertext is not. This confusion could compromise the understanding of encryption basics.
C. An algorithm for transforming plaintext to ciphertext
This describes a cipher, not ciphertext. The cipher or encryption algorithm is the method used, whereas ciphertext is the output produced by that method. This distinction is fundamental to understanding encryption systems and roles of each component.
D. Information used in a cipher
Information used in a cipher typically refers to the encryption key, not the ciphertext. Ciphertext is the outcome, not the input. This option misrepresents what ciphertext actually is and could cause confusion between keys and encrypted output.
E. Converting plaintext to ciphertext
This refers to the process of encryption, not the result. Ciphertext is the result of converting plaintext through encryption. Describing ciphertext as the action rather than the product shows a misunderstanding of encryption terminology.
A weak key of an encryption algorithm has which of the following properties
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It is too short, and thus easily crackable
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It facilitates attacks against the algorithm
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It has much more zeros than ones
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It can only be used as a public key
Explanation
Correct Answer B. It facilitates attacks against the algorithm
Explanation
A weak key in an encryption algorithm is one that has properties making it vulnerable to attacks. Such keys may have predictable patterns or characteristics that can be exploited, leading to easier decryption by attackers. For example, weak keys can be part of a reduced key space, which significantly lowers the security of the encryption system, making it easier for attackers to break the code.
Why other options are wrong
A. It is too short, and thus easily crackable
This is incorrect. While short keys can be weak due to limited combinations, a weak key refers more to a key with predictable patterns or properties that make it susceptible to specific attacks, not just the length.
C. It has much more zeros than ones
This is incorrect. The composition of a key in terms of zeroes and ones may not directly determine its weakness. A weak key is more about its structure, pattern, or how it facilitates a specific type of attack, not just an imbalance of zeroes and ones.
D. It can only be used as a public key
This is incorrect. Weak keys can be used in both public and private key settings. A weak key’s vulnerability is related to its ability to be exploited, not whether it's public or private.
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