PN AP Final Exam 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing
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Free PN AP Final Exam 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing Questions
How many pairs of ribs are in the human body?
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14
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6
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24
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12
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. 12.
Detailed Explanation:
The human body has 12 pairs of ribs, for a total of 24 individual ribs. These ribs form part of the thoracic cage, which protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs. The first seven pairs are called true ribs because they attach directly to the sternum. The next three pairs are false ribs, connecting indirectly via cartilage, and the last two are floating ribs, which do not attach to the sternum at all.
Which pH value is most acidic?
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7.1
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5.1
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11
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9.5
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. 5.1.
Detailed Explanation:
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with lower numbers indicating stronger acidity and higher numbers indicating greater alkalinity. A pH of 7 is neutral (pure water). Therefore, 5.1 is the most acidic among the listed values because it falls below 7, meaning the solution has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺). In comparison, 7.1 is nearly neutral, while 9.5 and 11 are basic or alkaline values.
The hormone aldosterone mainly affects the cells within which organ?
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Kidney
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Intestine
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Spleen
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Pancreas
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Kidney.
Detailed Explanation:
Aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, primarily targets the kidneys. It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron to increase sodium and water reabsorption and promote potassium excretion. This process helps regulate blood pressure, blood volume, and electrolyte balance. When aldosterone levels rise, the body retains more water and sodium, leading to higher blood pressure. The intestines, spleen, and pancreas are not directly influenced by aldosterone.
Which membrane forms part of a sac that encloses the heart, and is located in the chest and between the lungs?
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Serous pericardium
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Fascia
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Mucous membrane
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Pleurae
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Serous pericardium.
Detailed Explanation:
The serous pericardium is a double-layered membrane that forms part of the pericardial sac enclosing the heart. It consists of a parietal layer, lining the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium, and a visceral layer (epicardium), covering the heart’s surface. Between these layers lies the pericardial cavity, filled with fluid to reduce friction as the heart beats. The pleurae enclose the lungs, while fascia and mucous membranes serve different structural and protective functions.
Which part of the respiratory tract contains the vocal folds?
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Larynx
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Pharynx
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Epiglottis
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Trachea
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Larynx.
Detailed Explanation:
The larynx, commonly called the voice box, houses the vocal folds (vocal cords), which are responsible for sound production. When air passes through the larynx, the vocal folds vibrate, creating sound that is modified by the mouth, tongue, and lips during speech. The larynx also plays an important role in protecting the airway by closing during swallowing to prevent aspiration. It is located between the pharynx and the trachea in the upper respiratory tract.
What is another name for the pharynx?
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Oral cavity
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Throat
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Trachea
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Tonsils
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Throat.
Detailed Explanation:
The pharynx is commonly known as the throat. It is a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for both air and food, connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus. The pharynx plays an essential role in respiration, swallowing, and speech. It is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The trachea lies below the pharynx and carries air to the lungs, while the tonsils are lymphoid tissues located within the pharynx.
During pregnancy, progesterone is secreted by which structure(s), before the placenta is fully formed?
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Ovaries
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Cervix
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Uterus
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Corpus luteum
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Corpus luteum.
Detailed Explanation:
The corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure that forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation, secretes progesterone during early pregnancy. This hormone maintains the uterine lining (endometrium), preventing menstruation and supporting implantation and early embryonic development. Once the placenta is fully formed (around 8–12 weeks of gestation), it takes over progesterone production to sustain pregnancy. Without corpus luteum function in early gestation, the pregnancy would not be maintained.
Which statement best describes the mediastinum?
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Superior portion of the heart that leans to the right
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Inferior portion of the heart that points to the left
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The central region of the thorax that contains the heart
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The cavity that houses the lungs
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
C. The central region of the thorax that contains the heart.
Detailed Explanation:
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the two lungs. It contains vital structures such as the heart, trachea, esophagus, major blood vessels (including the aorta and venae cavae), and lymph nodes. It acts as a protective partition that separates the lungs and provides space for these essential organs. The lungs are housed in the pleural cavities, not the mediastinum.
Which cells are considered granular leukocytes? Select all that apply.
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Eosinophils
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Lymphocytes
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Neutrophils
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Erythrocytes
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Basophils
Explanation
The Correct Answers are:
A. Eosinophils, C. Neutrophils, and E. Basophils.
A. Eosinophils
Eosinophils are a type of granular white blood cell that help the body fight parasitic infections and participate in allergic responses. Their cytoplasmic granules contain enzymes that can break down foreign substances and control inflammation. They often increase in conditions such as asthma or parasitic disease.
C. Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the most abundant granular leukocytes and serve as the body’s first line of defense against infection. They engulf and destroy bacteria and debris through phagocytosis. Their granules contain antimicrobial enzymes that kill invading organisms, making them critical in acute infections.
E. Basophils
Basophils are granular leukocytes involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions. They release histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate, and heparin, which prevents clotting. Though few in number, they play a key role in initiating the inflammatory response.
What does the atomic number reflect?
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Number of electrons in orbit
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Number of neutrons in the nucleus
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Number of protons in the nucleus
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Number of protons in the outer shell
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
C. Number of protons in the nucleus.
Detailed Explanation:
The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element. Because an atom is electrically neutral, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. The atomic number determines the element’s identity and its position on the periodic table. For example, hydrogen has an atomic number of 1 (one proton), and carbon has an atomic number of 6 (six protons).
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