PN AP Final Exam 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing
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Free PN AP Final Exam 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing Questions
Which membrane forms part of a sac that encloses the heart, and is located in the chest and between the lungs?
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Serous pericardium
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Fascia
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Mucous membrane
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Pleurae
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Serous pericardium.
Detailed Explanation:
The serous pericardium is a double-layered membrane that forms part of the pericardial sac enclosing the heart. It consists of a parietal layer, lining the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium, and a visceral layer (epicardium), covering the heart’s surface. Between these layers lies the pericardial cavity, filled with fluid to reduce friction as the heart beats. The pleurae enclose the lungs, while fascia and mucous membranes serve different structural and protective functions.
What does the atomic number reflect?
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Number of electrons in orbit
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Number of neutrons in the nucleus
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Number of protons in the nucleus
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Number of protons in the outer shell
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
C. Number of protons in the nucleus.
Detailed Explanation:
The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of that element. Because an atom is electrically neutral, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. The atomic number determines the element’s identity and its position on the periodic table. For example, hydrogen has an atomic number of 1 (one proton), and carbon has an atomic number of 6 (six protons).
“B” corresponds to which structure? Refer to image.
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Cervix
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Fallopian tube
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Vulva
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Uterus
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Cervix.
Detailed Explanation:
The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus that connects the uterine cavity to the vagina. It functions as the passageway for menstrual flow from the uterus, allows sperm to enter during fertilization, and dilates during childbirth to permit passage of the baby. In the diagram, the label “B” points to the lower end of the uterus, confirming it as the cervix
Which are included in the central nervous system? Select all that apply
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Saphenous nerves
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Sciatic nerve
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Brain
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Peripheral nerves
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Spinal cord
Explanation
The Correct Answers are:
C. Brain and E. Spinal cord.
C. Brain:
The brain is a major component of the central nervous system (CNS) and serves as the control center for thought, memory, sensation, and motor activity. It processes information from the body and coordinates responses through nerve signals.
E. Spinal cord:
The spinal cord connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system and functions as a pathway for nerve impulses. It transmits sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body.
Which cells are considered granular leukocytes? Select all that apply.
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Eosinophils
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Lymphocytes
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Neutrophils
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Erythrocytes
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Basophils
Explanation
The Correct Answers are:
A. Eosinophils, C. Neutrophils, and E. Basophils.
A. Eosinophils
Eosinophils are a type of granular white blood cell that help the body fight parasitic infections and participate in allergic responses. Their cytoplasmic granules contain enzymes that can break down foreign substances and control inflammation. They often increase in conditions such as asthma or parasitic disease.
C. Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the most abundant granular leukocytes and serve as the body’s first line of defense against infection. They engulf and destroy bacteria and debris through phagocytosis. Their granules contain antimicrobial enzymes that kill invading organisms, making them critical in acute infections.
E. Basophils
Basophils are granular leukocytes involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions. They release histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate, and heparin, which prevents clotting. Though few in number, they play a key role in initiating the inflammatory response.
Which organ concentrates bile until it is needed in the small intestine?
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Spleen
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Duodenum
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Pancreas
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Gallbladder
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Gallbladder.
Detailed Explanation:
The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver. Its main function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver that helps break down fats in the small intestine. When fatty food enters the duodenum, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile through the common bile duct into the intestine. The spleen filters blood, the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and insulin, and the duodenum is the first section of the small intestine where digestion begins.
A client had measles as a child. Which type of immunity to measles would the client have as an adult?
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Naturally acquired passive immunity
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Artificially acquired passive immunity
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Artificially acquired active immunity
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Naturally acquired active immunity
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Naturally acquired active immunity.
Detailed Explanation:
Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when a person becomes infected with a disease-causing organism and the immune system responds by producing its own antibodies and memory cells. After recovering from measles, the body retains these memory cells, providing long-term—often lifelong—protection against future infection.
In contrast, passive immunity (options A and B) involves receiving antibodies from another source (such as from the mother or immune serum), while artificially acquired active immunity (option C) comes from vaccination, not from natural infection
One spinal nerve supplies each of the discrete areas that make up the surface of the skin. What are the names of these areas?
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Dermatomes
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Cervical plexus
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Spinal nerves
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Skin lesions
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Dermatomes.
Detailed Explanation:
Dermatomes are specific areas of the skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve. These regions form a sensory map across the body and are clinically significant in diagnosing and localizing spinal nerve or spinal cord injuries. For instance, if a patient loses sensation in a certain dermatome, it can indicate damage to the corresponding spinal nerve root. The cervical plexus is a nerve network in the neck, spinal nerves are the main nerves emerging from the spinal cord, and skin lesions are abnormal tissue areas, not nerve regions.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
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Changes the pitch of the voice
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Keeps food from entering the trachea
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Allows food to pass to the trachea
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Anchors the vocal cords
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Keeps food from entering the trachea.
Detailed Explanation:
The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located at the top of the larynx. Its main function is to prevent food and liquids from entering the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing. When a person swallows, the epiglottis folds downward to cover the trachea, directing food and fluids into the esophagus instead. Once swallowing is complete, it returns to its upright position to allow air to pass into the lungs during breathing.
What is the membrane around the lungs called?
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Alveoli
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Pleura
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Rugae
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Mediastinum
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Pleura.
Detailed Explanation:
The pleura is a double-layered membrane that surrounds and protects each lung. It consists of two parts: the visceral pleura, which covers the surface of the lungs, and the parietal pleura, which lines the chest wall and diaphragm. Between these layers is the pleural cavity, filled with a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during breathing. The alveoli are air sacs for gas exchange, the rugae are folds in the stomach, and the mediastinum is the space between the lungs containing the heart and major vessel
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