PN AP Final Exam 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing
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Free PN AP Final Exam 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing Questions
What is the name of the white part of the eye?
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Lens
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Iris
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Cornea
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Sclera
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Sclera.
Detailed Explanation:
The sclera is the white, opaque outer layer of the eyeball that provides structure, protection, and shape to the eye. It is composed mainly of dense connective tissue and serves as the attachment point for the extraocular muscles, which control eye movement. The cornea (C), on the other hand, is the clear, transparent front portion of the sclera that allows light to enter the eye. The iris controls pupil size, and the lens focuses light onto the retina.
What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?
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Telophase - Metaphase - Prophase - Anaphase
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Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
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Prophase - Anaphase - Telophase - Metaphase
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Telophase - Anaphase - Metaphase - Prophase
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase.
Detailed Explanation:
The correct sequence of mitosis ensures accurate cell division and equal distribution of chromosomes:
Prophase – Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase – Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate in the center of the cell.
Anaphase – Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase – Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes, and the cell begins to split through cytokinesis, completing division into two identical daughter cells.
In which structure does the capillaries exchange deoxygenated blood for oxygenated blood?
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Trachea
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Alveoli
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Bronchioles
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Bronchi
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Alveoli.
Detailed Explanation:
The alveoli are tiny air sacs located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs and are the primary site of gas exchange. Surrounding each alveolus is a network of capillaries where deoxygenated blood releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen. This process occurs through diffusion across the thin alveolar and capillary walls. The newly oxygenated blood then travels back to the heart for distribution throughout the body.
Which type of blood vessels allow for the exchange of CO₂ and O₂ between tissues and blood?
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Venules
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Capillaries
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Veins
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Arterioles
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Capillaries.
Detailed Explanation:
Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest blood vessels in the circulatory system and are the primary sites of gas exchange between the blood and body tissues. Their walls are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, allowing oxygen (O₂) to diffuse from the blood into tissues and carbon dioxide (CO₂) to move from tissues into the blood.
Arterioles and venules help regulate blood flow to and from capillaries, while veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart but do not participate directly in gas exchange.
Which number indicates the urinary meatus? Refer to image.
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4
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3
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5
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1
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. 4.
Detailed Explanation:
The urinary meatus (or urethral opening) is the small external opening through which urine is expelled from the bladder. It is located below the clitoris and above the vaginal opening. In the attached image, the structure labeled 4 corresponds to the urinary meatus, correctly identifying the point where the urethra opens to the exterior of the body.
Which type of gland produces secretion that is carried out of the body?
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Islet cells
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Endocrine
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Hormones
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Exocrine
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Exocrine.
Detailed Explanation:
Exocrine glands produce and release their secretions through ducts to the surface of an organ or outside the body. Examples include sweat glands, salivary glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands. Their secretions serve various purposes such as cooling the body, aiding digestion, or lubricating tissues.
In contrast, endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (not through ducts). Islet cells are endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon, while hormones are the chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands.
Which organs provide nutrients for the zygote during fetal development? Select all that apply.
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Mammaries
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Corpus luteum
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Placenta
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Graafian follicle
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Umbilical cord
Explanation
The Correct Answers are:
B. Corpus luteum, C. Placenta, and E. Umbilical cord.
B. Corpus luteum:
After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle and secretes progesterone and estrogen, which maintain the uterine lining and provide early support and nourishment to the developing zygote until the placenta takes over hormonal regulation.
C. Placenta:
The placenta is the primary organ that provides nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal for the fetus. It also produces hormones essential for pregnancy maintenance and facilitates nutrient exchange between maternal and fetal blood.
E. Umbilical cord:
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta, serving as the lifeline that carries oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and removes waste products from fetal circulation.
Which passageway allows the sperm to meet the ovum and ovum to reach the uterus?
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Cervix
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Fallopian tube
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Vagina
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Vas deferens
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Fallopian tube.
Detailed Explanation:
The fallopian tube (also called the uterine tube or oviduct) is the passageway where fertilization typically occurs. It connects the ovary to the uterus, allowing the sperm to meet the ovum (egg) in its ampulla region. After fertilization, the resulting zygote travels through the tube to the uterus for implantation.
The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina, the vagina is the birth canal and site of sperm deposition, and the vas deferens is a male reproductive duct that transports sperm from the testes to the urethra.
Blood flows from the right atrium through which atrioventricular valve to the right ventricle?
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Pulmonic
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Tricuspid
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Mitral
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Bicuspid
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Tricuspid.
Detailed Explanation:
The tricuspid valve is the atrioventricular (AV) valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It has three cusps (flaps) that open to allow blood to flow from the atrium into the ventricle and close to prevent backflow during ventricular contraction. This ensures one-way blood movement through the heart. The mitral (bicuspid) valve performs a similar function on the left side of the heart, while the pulmonic valve is a semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
The term distal refers to a structure that is:
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Toward the midline of the body
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Toward the back surface of the body
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Toward the left side of the body
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Farther from the point of attachment
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Farther from the point of attachment.
Detailed Explanation:
Distal is an anatomical term used to describe a position farther away from the point of origin or attachment of a structure. For example, the fingers are distal to the elbow because they are farther from where the arm attaches to the body. The opposite term is proximal, which refers to a structure closer to the point of attachment. Distal helps describe locations on limbs and is important for precise anatomical communication.
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