PN AP Final Exam 2025
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Free PN AP Final Exam 2025 Questions
“B” corresponds to which structure? Refer to image.
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Cervix
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Fallopian tube
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Vulva
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Uterus
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Cervix.
Detailed Explanation:
The cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus that connects the uterine cavity to the vagina. It functions as the passageway for menstrual flow from the uterus, allows sperm to enter during fertilization, and dilates during childbirth to permit passage of the baby. In the diagram, the label “B” points to the lower end of the uterus, confirming it as the cervix
Which system consists of 80 bones and includes the bony framework of the head and trunk?
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Axial skeleton
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Parasympathetic system
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Cranium
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Appendicular skeleton
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Axial skeleton.
Detailed Explanation:
The axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones that form the central framework of the body, including the skull (cranium and facial bones), vertebral column (spine), ribs, and sternum. Its main function is to support and protect vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs while providing structural stability for posture and movement. In contrast, the appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles that enable body movement.
Which statement best describes the mediastinum?
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Superior portion of the heart that leans to the right
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Inferior portion of the heart that points to the left
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The central region of the thorax that contains the heart
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The cavity that houses the lungs
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
C. The central region of the thorax that contains the heart.
Detailed Explanation:
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the two lungs. It contains vital structures such as the heart, trachea, esophagus, major blood vessels (including the aorta and venae cavae), and lymph nodes. It acts as a protective partition that separates the lungs and provides space for these essential organs. The lungs are housed in the pleural cavities, not the mediastinum.
The skin's surface can be mapped into distinct regions that are supplied by a single spinal nerve. What are these regions known as?
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Dermatomes
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Cervical plexus
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Spinal nerves
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Skin lesions
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Dermatomes.
Detailed Explanation:
Dermatomes are specific areas of skin that are supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve root. Each dermatome corresponds to a particular segment of the spinal cord and allows clinicians to assess nerve function and damage. For example, injury to a spinal nerve may cause sensory loss or pain in its associated dermatome. In contrast, the cervical plexus is a network of nerves in the neck, spinal nerves refer to the 31 pairs emerging from the spinal cord, and skin lesions are physical abnormalities of the skin.
In which structure does the capillaries exchange deoxygenated blood for oxygenated blood?
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Trachea
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Alveoli
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Bronchioles
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Bronchi
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Alveoli.
Detailed Explanation:
The alveoli are tiny air sacs located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs and are the primary site of gas exchange. Surrounding each alveolus is a network of capillaries where deoxygenated blood releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen. This process occurs through diffusion across the thin alveolar and capillary walls. The newly oxygenated blood then travels back to the heart for distribution throughout the body.
What is the name of the white part of the eye?
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Lens
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Iris
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Cornea
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Sclera
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Sclera.
Detailed Explanation:
The sclera is the white, opaque outer layer of the eyeball that provides structure, protection, and shape to the eye. It is composed mainly of dense connective tissue and serves as the attachment point for the extraocular muscles, which control eye movement. The cornea (C), on the other hand, is the clear, transparent front portion of the sclera that allows light to enter the eye. The iris controls pupil size, and the lens focuses light onto the retina.
What controls whether an embryo will develop testes or ovaries?
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Y chromosome
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Estrogen amount
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Hypothalamus
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Pituitary gland
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Y chromosome.
Detailed Explanation:
The Y chromosome determines whether an embryo will develop testes or ovaries. Specifically, the SRY gene (Sex-determining Region Y) located on the Y chromosome triggers the development of testes from undifferentiated gonadal tissue. In the absence of a Y chromosome (as in XX embryos), ovaries develop instead. This chromosomal control occurs early in embryonic development and sets the foundation for male or female sexual differentiation, influencing hormone production and reproductive organ formation.
Which type of blood vessels allow for the exchange of CO₂ and O₂ between tissues and blood?
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Venules
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Capillaries
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Veins
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Arterioles
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Capillaries.
Detailed Explanation:
Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest blood vessels in the circulatory system and are the primary sites of gas exchange between the blood and body tissues. Their walls are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells, allowing oxygen (O₂) to diffuse from the blood into tissues and carbon dioxide (CO₂) to move from tissues into the blood.
Arterioles and venules help regulate blood flow to and from capillaries, while veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart but do not participate directly in gas exchange.
Which blood pH level indicates alkalosis?
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7.35
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7.11
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7.62
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7.43
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
C. 7.62.
Detailed Explanation:
Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45. A pH above 7.45 indicates alkalosis, meaning the blood is too basic due to either excessive loss of acids (as in vomiting) or increased bicarbonate levels (as in metabolic alkalosis). A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, which results from excess acid or loss of base.
Therefore, a blood pH of 7.62 clearly reflects alkalosis, while 7.35 and 7.43 are within normal limits, and 7.11 indicates acidosis.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
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Changes the pitch of the voice
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Keeps food from entering the trachea
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Allows food to pass to the trachea
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Anchors the vocal cords
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Keeps food from entering the trachea.
Detailed Explanation:
The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located at the top of the larynx. Its main function is to prevent food and liquids from entering the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing. When a person swallows, the epiglottis folds downward to cover the trachea, directing food and fluids into the esophagus instead. Once swallowing is complete, it returns to its upright position to allow air to pass into the lungs during breathing.
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