PN AP Final Exam 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing
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Free PN AP Final Exam 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing Questions
What controls whether an embryo will develop testes or ovaries?
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Y chromosome
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Estrogen amount
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Hypothalamus
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Pituitary gland
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Y chromosome.
Detailed Explanation:
The Y chromosome determines whether an embryo will develop testes or ovaries. Specifically, the SRY gene (Sex-determining Region Y) located on the Y chromosome triggers the development of testes from undifferentiated gonadal tissue. In the absence of a Y chromosome (as in XX embryos), ovaries develop instead. This chromosomal control occurs early in embryonic development and sets the foundation for male or female sexual differentiation, influencing hormone production and reproductive organ formation.
The hormone aldosterone mainly affects the cells within which organ?
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Kidney
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Intestine
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Spleen
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Pancreas
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Kidney.
Detailed Explanation:
Aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, primarily targets the kidneys. It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron to increase sodium and water reabsorption and promote potassium excretion. This process helps regulate blood pressure, blood volume, and electrolyte balance. When aldosterone levels rise, the body retains more water and sodium, leading to higher blood pressure. The intestines, spleen, and pancreas are not directly influenced by aldosterone.
What are some examples of secondary sex characteristics developed at puberty? Select all that apply.
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Loss of deciduous teeth
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Full closure of growth plates
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Growth spurt
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Development of breasts
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Enlargement of testicles
Explanation
The Correct Answers are:
C. Growth spurt, D. Development of breasts, and E. Enlargement of testicles.
C. Growth spurt
During puberty, both boys and girls experience a rapid increase in height and weight due to hormonal changes—especially growth hormone and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone). This is one of the most noticeable physical developments during adolescence.
D. Development of breasts
In females, the development of breasts is a secondary sex characteristic triggered by increased estrogen levels. It signifies physical maturation and readiness for reproductive function, marking a key sign of puberty.
E. Enlargement of testicles
In males, puberty begins with the enlargement of the testicles, which signals the start of testosterone production and sperm development. This change also leads to the growth of facial hair, deepening of the voice, and muscle mass increase.
The right ventricle pumps blood to which vessel?
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Superior vena cava
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Myocardium
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Inferior vena cava
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Pulmonary artery
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Pulmonary artery.
Detailed Explanation:
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs for oxygenation. This process is part of the pulmonary circulation, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. The pulmonary artery is unique because, unlike most arteries that carry oxygen-rich blood, it carries oxygen-poor blood. In contrast, the superior and inferior vena cava return blood to the heart, and the myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart itself.
How many lung lobes are in the human body?
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2
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6
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4
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5
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. 5.
Detailed Explanation:
The human lungs are divided into five lobes in total — three lobes in the right lung (upper, middle, and lower) and two lobes in the left lung (upper and lower). The left lung has one fewer lobe to make room for the heart. Each lobe is separated by fissures and functions independently, allowing efficient gas exchange and breathing.
What is cardiac output?
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The amount of breaths taken with each heartbeat.
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The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
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The number of times the heart beats per minute.
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The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute.
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute.
Detailed Explanation:
Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute and is a key indicator of cardiovascular efficiency. It is calculated using the formula:
CO = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
where stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle with each beat. Cardiac output ensures adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues; a decrease may indicate heart failure or poor circulation.
Which pH value is most acidic?
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7.1
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5.1
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11
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9.5
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. 5.1.
Detailed Explanation:
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with lower numbers indicating stronger acidity and higher numbers indicating greater alkalinity. A pH of 7 is neutral (pure water). Therefore, 5.1 is the most acidic among the listed values because it falls below 7, meaning the solution has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺). In comparison, 7.1 is nearly neutral, while 9.5 and 11 are basic or alkaline values.
Which organ is highlighted? Refer to attached image.
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Gallbladder
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Spleen
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Pancreas
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Liver
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Gallbladder.
Detailed Explanation:
The highlighted organ in the image is the gallbladder, a small, pear-shaped sac located beneath the liver on the right side of the abdomen. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. During digestion, especially after eating fatty foods, the gallbladder contracts to release bile into the small intestine through the common bile duct, aiding in fat emulsification and absorption.
What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?
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Telophase - Metaphase - Prophase - Anaphase
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Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
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Prophase - Anaphase - Telophase - Metaphase
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Telophase - Anaphase - Metaphase - Prophase
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase.
Detailed Explanation:
The correct sequence of mitosis ensures accurate cell division and equal distribution of chromosomes:
Prophase – Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase – Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate in the center of the cell.
Anaphase – Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase – Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes, and the cell begins to split through cytokinesis, completing division into two identical daughter cells.
What is the mature bone tissue that becomes trapped in the bone matrix and helps maintain bone tissue called?
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Canaliculi
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Epiphysis
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Matrix
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Osteocytes
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Osteocytes.
Detailed Explanation:
Osteocytes are mature bone cells that originate from osteoblasts once they become embedded within the bone matrix they secrete. These cells are responsible for maintaining the mineral content of the surrounding bone tissue and communicating with other bone cells through tiny channels called canaliculi. Osteocytes play a vital role in bone repair and remodeling by regulating calcium and phosphate levels. The epiphysis refers to the end of a long bone, and the matrix is the extracellular material that provides structure and strength to bone but is not a cell type.
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