PN AP Final Exam 2025
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Free PN AP Final Exam 2025 Questions
What is the name of the pair of glands that lie on either side of the vaginal opening and secrete a mucous-containing substance?
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Prostaglandins
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Eccrine glands
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Bartholin glands
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Seminiferous glands
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
C. Bartholin glands.
Detailed Explanation:
The Bartholin glands (also called greater vestibular glands) are two small, pea-sized glands located on either side of the vaginal opening. Their primary function is to secrete a mucous-like fluid that helps lubricate the vulva and vaginal opening, especially during sexual arousal. This lubrication reduces friction and enhances comfort. In contrast, prostaglandins are hormone-like substances, eccrine glands are sweat glands, and seminiferous glands are located in the testes and produce sperm.
Which medical term describes a condition in which the middle layer of the heart becomes inflamed?
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Congestive heart failure
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Arrhythmia
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Myocardial infarction
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Myocarditis
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Myocarditis.
Detailed Explanation:
Myocarditis is the inflammation of the myocardium, which is the middle, muscular layer of the heart wall responsible for pumping blood. This condition can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. Symptoms often include chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, and irregular heartbeat. In severe cases, myocarditis can weaken the heart and lead to heart failure. In contrast, myocardial infarction refers to a heart attack, arrhythmia to abnormal heart rhythms, and congestive heart failure to reduced heart pumping efficiency.
Which body plane cuts the body into left and right sections?
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Frontal plane
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Coronal plane
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Transverse plane
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Sagittal plane
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Sagittal plane.
Detailed Explanation:
The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sections. When this division passes exactly through the midline, it is called the midsagittal (or median) plane; if it is offset from the midline, it is a parasagittal plane. This plane is essential in describing movements such as flexion and extension. In contrast, the frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into front and back portions, and the transverse plane divides it into upper and lower sections.
What occurs when the zygote implants in the fallopian tube?
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Decidua pregnancy
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Ectopic pregnancy
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Blastocyst formation
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Tubal ligation
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Ectopic pregnancy.
Detailed Explanation:
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg (zygote) implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. Because the tube is too narrow and not designed to support a developing embryo, the pregnancy cannot progress normally and may cause rupture or internal bleeding, making it a medical emergency. Normal implantation should occur in the uterine lining (endometrium), where the embryo can safely develop.
Which layer of the heart contains the muscle that helps the heart to act as a pump?
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Pericardium
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Myocardium
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Epicardium
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Endocardium
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Myocardium.
Detailed Explanation:
The myocardium is the thick, muscular middle layer of the heart wall responsible for the heart’s pumping action. It consists of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that contract rhythmically to circulate blood throughout the body. The myocardium’s coordinated contractions ensure effective blood flow from the atria to the ventricles and then to the arteries.
The pericardium is the protective outer sac surrounding the heart, the epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall, and the endocardium lines the heart’s inner chambers and valves. Only the myocardium provides the actual contractile force needed for pumping blood.
What is another term for "hardening" of the arteries?
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Angina
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Myocardial infarction
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Arteriosclerosis
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Irregular heart rhythm
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
C. Arteriosclerosis.
Detailed Explanation:
Arteriosclerosis is the medical term for the hardening and thickening of the arterial walls. This condition causes the arteries to lose elasticity, reducing their ability to carry blood efficiently. It often results from aging or the buildup of fatty deposits (atherosclerosis) within the arterial walls, which can lead to hypertension, coronary artery disease, or stroke. In contrast, angina refers to chest pain from reduced blood flow, myocardial infarction is a heart attack, and irregular heart rhythm describes abnormal electrical activity in the heart.
The term distal refers to a structure that is:
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Toward the midline of the body
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Toward the back surface of the body
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Toward the left side of the body
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Farther from the point of attachment
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Farther from the point of attachment.
Detailed Explanation:
Distal is an anatomical term used to describe a position farther away from the point of origin or attachment of a structure. For example, the fingers are distal to the elbow because they are farther from where the arm attaches to the body. The opposite term is proximal, which refers to a structure closer to the point of attachment. Distal helps describe locations on limbs and is important for precise anatomical communication.
During pregnancy, progesterone is secreted by which structure(s), before the placenta is fully formed?
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Ovaries
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Cervix
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Uterus
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Corpus luteum
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Corpus luteum.
Detailed Explanation:
The corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure that forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation, secretes progesterone during early pregnancy. This hormone maintains the uterine lining (endometrium), preventing menstruation and supporting implantation and early embryonic development. Once the placenta is fully formed (around 8–12 weeks of gestation), it takes over progesterone production to sustain pregnancy. Without corpus luteum function in early gestation, the pregnancy would not be maintained.
Which structure transports deoxygenated blood?
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Femoral artery
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Left atrium
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Pulmonary artery
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Aortic artery
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
C. Pulmonary artery.
Detailed Explanation:
The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood. It transports blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs, where gas exchange occurs—carbon dioxide is released, and oxygen is absorbed. In contrast, most arteries carry oxygenated blood. The femoral and aortic arteries carry oxygenated blood to the body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, not deoxygenated blood.
Which ion determines the acidity level of a solution?
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Hydrogen (H⁺)
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Potassium (K⁺)
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Nitrogen (N)
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Hydroxide (OH⁻)
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Hydrogen (H⁺).
Detailed Explanation:
The hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration determines the acidity of a solution. The pH scale measures this concentration—a higher amount of hydrogen ions means greater acidity and a lower pH value. For example, stomach acid has a high concentration of H⁺ ions, giving it a low pH. Conversely, substances with fewer H⁺ ions (and more hydroxide ions, OH⁻) are basic or alkaline.
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