PN AP Final Exam 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing
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Free PN AP Final Exam 2025 at Jersey College School of Nursing Questions
What is an allergen?
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A lymphocyte
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A phagocyte
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An antigen
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An antibody
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
C. An antigen.
Detailed Explanation:
An allergen is a type of antigen—a substance that triggers an immune response—specifically one that causes an allergic reaction. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, animal dander, and certain foods or medications. When exposed to an allergen, the immune system overreacts by producing IgE antibodies, leading to the release of histamine and other chemicals that cause symptoms such as sneezing, itching, or inflammation.
Lymphocytes and phagocytes are immune cells, while antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to antigens, including allergens.
Which organic compound is not soluble in water and is mainly found in the body as fat?
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Nucleotides
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Lipids
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Carbohydrates
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Proteins
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Lipids.
Detailed Explanation:
Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents like alcohol or ether. They include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids, and serve as the body’s main form of long-term energy storage. Lipids also provide insulation, protection for organs, and are essential components of cell membranes. In contrast, carbohydrates and proteins are water-soluble, and nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA.
Which part of the respiratory tract contains the vocal folds?
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Larynx
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Pharynx
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Epiglottis
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Trachea
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Larynx.
Detailed Explanation:
The larynx, commonly called the voice box, houses the vocal folds (vocal cords), which are responsible for sound production. When air passes through the larynx, the vocal folds vibrate, creating sound that is modified by the mouth, tongue, and lips during speech. The larynx also plays an important role in protecting the airway by closing during swallowing to prevent aspiration. It is located between the pharynx and the trachea in the upper respiratory tract.
Which layer of the heart contains the muscle that helps the heart to act as a pump?
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Pericardium
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Myocardium
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Epicardium
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Endocardium
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Myocardium.
Detailed Explanation:
The myocardium is the thick, muscular middle layer of the heart wall responsible for the heart’s pumping action. It consists of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that contract rhythmically to circulate blood throughout the body. The myocardium’s coordinated contractions ensure effective blood flow from the atria to the ventricles and then to the arteries.
The pericardium is the protective outer sac surrounding the heart, the epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall, and the endocardium lines the heart’s inner chambers and valves. Only the myocardium provides the actual contractile force needed for pumping blood.
What are some examples of secondary sex characteristics developed at puberty? Select all that apply.
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Loss of deciduous teeth
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Full closure of growth plates
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Growth spurt
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Development of breasts
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Enlargement of testicles
Explanation
The Correct Answers are:
C. Growth spurt, D. Development of breasts, and E. Enlargement of testicles.
C. Growth spurt
During puberty, both boys and girls experience a rapid increase in height and weight due to hormonal changes—especially growth hormone and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone). This is one of the most noticeable physical developments during adolescence.
D. Development of breasts
In females, the development of breasts is a secondary sex characteristic triggered by increased estrogen levels. It signifies physical maturation and readiness for reproductive function, marking a key sign of puberty.
E. Enlargement of testicles
In males, puberty begins with the enlargement of the testicles, which signals the start of testosterone production and sperm development. This change also leads to the growth of facial hair, deepening of the voice, and muscle mass increase.
Which ion determines the acidity level of a solution?
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Hydrogen (H⁺)
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Potassium (K⁺)
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Nitrogen (N)
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Hydroxide (OH⁻)
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
A. Hydrogen (H⁺).
Detailed Explanation:
The hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration determines the acidity of a solution. The pH scale measures this concentration—a higher amount of hydrogen ions means greater acidity and a lower pH value. For example, stomach acid has a high concentration of H⁺ ions, giving it a low pH. Conversely, substances with fewer H⁺ ions (and more hydroxide ions, OH⁻) are basic or alkaline.
Blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, smooth muscles, sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands are all embedded in which layer of the skin?
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Stratum germinativum
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Dermis
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Hypodermis
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Dermal papilla
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Dermis.
Detailed Explanation:
The dermis is the middle layer of the skin, located beneath the epidermis and above the hypodermis. It contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, sweat glands, and smooth muscle fibers (such as arrector pili muscles). The dermis provides strength, elasticity, and nourishment to the skin while supporting thermoregulation and sensory perception. The epidermis (including the stratum germinativum) lacks these structures, and the hypodermis mainly contains fat and connective tissue.
Which structure, also known as the womb, is held in position by a series of ligaments and located in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the urinary bladder?
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Ovary
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Cervix
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Fourchette
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Uterus
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
D. Uterus.
Detailed Explanation:
The uterus, commonly known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder (in front) and the rectum (behind). It is held in place by several supporting ligaments, including the broad, round, and uterosacral ligaments. The uterus is where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy. It also plays a key role in menstruation and childbirth, contracting to expel its contents when necessary.
Which are included in the central nervous system? Select all that apply
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Saphenous nerves
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Sciatic nerve
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Brain
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Peripheral nerves
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Spinal cord
Explanation
The Correct Answers are:
C. Brain and E. Spinal cord.
C. Brain:
The brain is a major component of the central nervous system (CNS) and serves as the control center for thought, memory, sensation, and motor activity. It processes information from the body and coordinates responses through nerve signals.
E. Spinal cord:
The spinal cord connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system and functions as a pathway for nerve impulses. It transmits sensory information to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body.
What is the most abundant compound in the body?
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Oxygen
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Water
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Carbohydrates
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Protein
Explanation
The Correct Answer is:
B. Water.
Detailed Explanation:
Water is the most abundant compound in the human body, making up about 60–70% of total body weight. It is essential for nearly every physiological process, including temperature regulation, nutrient transport, waste removal, and chemical reactions. Water also acts as a lubricant and cushion for joints and organs. While oxygen is the most abundant element by mass, and proteins and carbohydrates are vital organic compounds, water is the most plentiful compound overall.
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