Bio 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Panicking about Bio 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology test preparation? Beat anxiety with our reliable practice questions.

Free Bio 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology Questions

1.

Which tissue consists of two or more layers of cells with square surface cells?

  • stratified squamous

  • stratified cuboidal

  • stratified columnar

  • pseudostratified

  • transitional

Explanation

Correct Answer:

stratified cuboidal

Explanation:

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is made up of two or more layers of cells, with the surface cells being cube-shaped (square in cross-section). This type of tissue provides protection and limited secretion/absorption. It is relatively rare in the body and is found in structures such as the ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands. Its multiple layers make it more durable than simple cuboidal epithelium.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

stratified squamous

This is incorrect because stratified squamous epithelium has multiple layers of cells with flattened surface cells, not square-shaped ones. It is specialized for protection in areas subject to friction.

stratified columnar

This is incorrect because stratified columnar epithelium has surface cells that are tall and column-like. It is found in limited areas such as parts of the pharynx and male urethra, not with square-shaped cells.

pseudostratified

This is incorrect because pseudostratified epithelium appears layered but is actually a single layer of cells with nuclei at varying levels. It typically has columnar-shaped cells, not cuboidal surface cells.

transitional

This is incorrect because transitional epithelium has multiple layers of cells that change shape depending on the degree of stretching. The surface cells can appear dome-shaped or flattened, but not consistently square.


2.

A distinct structure composed of several types of tissues is a(n)

  • organ

  • tissue

  • system

  • atom

  • cell

Explanation

Correct Answer:

organ

Explanation:

An organ is a distinct structure made up of two or more different types of tissues working together to perform specific functions. For example, the heart contains cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue, all collaborating to pump blood. Organs represent a higher level of biological organization than tissues, and multiple organs form organ systems that carry out vital processes in the body.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

tissue

This is incorrect because a tissue is a group of similar cells working together. While tissues combine to form organs, a tissue alone does not perform the complex, multi-tissue functions of an organ.

system

This is incorrect because a system is a group of organs working together to accomplish broader physiological functions, such as digestion or circulation. It is a level above organs in biological organization.

atom

This is incorrect because an atom is the smallest unit of matter. Atoms form molecules, but they are far too simple to form organs or tissues.

cell

This is incorrect because a cell is the basic unit of life. While cells form tissues, and tissues form organs, a single cell is not itself a distinct multi-tissue structure.


3.

means "between lateral and medial"

  • intermediate

  • sagittal

  • proximal

  • ventral

  • dorsal

Explanation

Correct Answer:

intermediate

Explanation:

Intermediate is the anatomical directional term used to describe a structure located between a medial (closer to the midline) and a lateral (farther from the midline) structure. For example, the collarbone (clavicle) is intermediate between the sternum (medial) and the shoulder (lateral). This term provides precise reference when describing positions along the transverse axis of the body.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

sagittal

This is incorrect because sagittal refers to an anatomical plane that divides the body into left and right parts. It does not describe position between medial and lateral.

proximal

This is incorrect because proximal refers to a structure being closer to the point of origin or attachment, especially on the limbs. It does not relate to medial or lateral positioning.

ventral

This is incorrect because ventral means toward the front or belly side of the body. It describes anterior-posterior orientation, not relative position between medial and lateral.

dorsal

This is incorrect because dorsal means toward the back of the body. In humans, it aligns with posterior. It does not describe the position between medial and lateral structures.


4.

loose connective tissue that makes up lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

  • reticular

  • areolar

  • cartilage

  • adipose

Explanation

Correct Answer:

reticular

Explanation:

Reticular connective tissue is a type of loose connective tissue composed of a network of reticular fibers that form a supportive framework, or stroma, for organs such as lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow. This tissue provides internal structural support while allowing immune and blood cells to pass freely. Its fine, branching fibers make it ideal for filtering and supporting soft, blood-forming, and immune-related organs.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

areolar

This is incorrect because areolar tissue is a loose connective tissue found beneath the skin and around organs. It provides packing and cushioning but does not form the structural framework of lymphatic organs.

cartilage

This is incorrect because cartilage is a firm connective tissue with chondrocytes in lacunae. It provides support and flexibility in joints and the respiratory system but is not associated with lymph nodes, spleen, or bone marrow.

adipose

This is incorrect because adipose tissue stores fat in adipocytes and serves as insulation, cushioning, and energy storage. It does not form the stroma of lymphatic or blood-forming organs.


5. whiplike, tail structures for cell movement
  • flagella
  • lysosomes
  • cilia
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • mitochondria

Explanation

Flagella are long, whiplike tail structures that propel a cell forward, allowing movement. In humans, the most well-known example is the sperm cell, which uses a single flagellum for locomotion. Flagella are made of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 pattern and powered by ATP-driven motor proteins, giving the cell motility.
6. stacks of pancake sacs that package and process materials
  • Golgi apparatus
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • microfilaments
  • lysosomes
  • microtubules

Explanation

The Golgi apparatus is made of stacked, flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) resembling pancakes. It functions as the cell’s packaging and processing center. Proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum are modified, sorted, and packaged into vesicles for transport to their destinations, such as the plasma membrane, lysosomes, or secretion outside the cell.
7.

The study of the structure and location of body parts is

  • anatomy

  • physiology

  • histology

  • cytology

  • complementarity

Explanation

Correct Answer:

anatomy

Explanation:

Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the structure and organization of living organisms. In human anatomy, it specifically refers to the study of the body’s structures and the relationships between them, such as bones, muscles, organs, and systems. Anatomy can be studied at different levels, including gross anatomy (visible structures) and microscopic anatomy (using microscopes). It focuses on what body parts are and where they are located, forming the foundation for understanding physiology.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

physiology

This is incorrect because physiology is the study of the functions and processes of body parts, not their structures or locations. It explains how the body works.

histology

This is incorrect because histology is the microscopic study of tissues. While it is part of anatomy at a detailed level, the broader study of body structure and location is called anatomy.

cytology

This is incorrect because cytology is the study of cells and their internal structures. It is more specific than anatomy and focuses on the smallest units of life.

complementarity

This is incorrect because complementarity of structure and function is a principle in anatomy and physiology stating that form and function are interrelated. It is not itself the name of the science studying structures.


8. are made up of proteins serving as channels between adjoining cells – allow for communication between cells
  • gap junctions
  • desmosomes
  • tight junctions
  • microvilli
  • flagella

Explanation

Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections formed by protein channels called connexons. These channels directly link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing ions, nutrients, and signaling molecules to pass between them. Gap junctions are essential for cell-to-cell communication, especially in cardiac and smooth muscle tissues, where synchronized contraction depends on rapid ion exchange.
9.

Refers to the channel proteins by which water enters and leaves cell

  • pumps

  • aquaporins

  • symports

  • antiports

  • coupled transports

Explanation

Correct Answer:

aquaporins

Explanation:

Aquaporins are specialized channel proteins in the cell membrane that allow water to move rapidly in and out of cells. They facilitate osmosis by providing a pathway for water molecules, which otherwise diffuse slowly through the lipid bilayer. Aquaporins are essential in tissues where water movement is critical, such as the kidneys, lungs, and red blood cells.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

pumps

This is incorrect because pumps use energy (ATP) to move ions or molecules against their gradient. They are not used for water transport.

symports

This is incorrect because symports move two substances in the same direction across the membrane, usually using one gradient to drive the other. They do not specialize in water transport.

antiports

This is incorrect because antiports move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane. They do not directly handle water movement.

coupled transports

This is incorrect because coupled transport refers to processes where one molecule’s movement powers another’s, such as symports and antiports. Water does not require such coupling, as it moves through aquaporins.


10.

means immature; secretes the matrix

  • blast

  • chondro

  • cyte

  • fibro

Explanation

Correct Answer:

blast

Explanation:

In connective tissue terminology, the suffix -blast refers to an immature, active cell that secretes the extracellular matrix. Examples include fibroblasts (which secrete fibers in connective tissue proper), chondroblasts (which produce cartilage matrix), and osteoblasts (which form bone matrix). These cells are metabolically active and essential for tissue growth and repair. Over time, they typically mature into less active -cytes, which maintain the matrix rather than secrete it.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

chondro

This is incorrect because chondro- is a prefix that means cartilage. It does not by itself mean “immature” or “matrix-secreting.”

cyte

This is incorrect because -cyte refers to a mature cell that maintains tissue rather than secretes matrix. For example, chondrocytes maintain cartilage but do not actively secrete large amounts of new matrix.

fibro

This is incorrect because fibro- is a prefix meaning fiber. It is part of terms like fibroblast (a fiber-forming cell) but does not by itself mean “immature” or “matrix-secreting.”


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