Bio 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Free Bio 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology Questions

1.

Which type of cartilage has fibers in rows; makes up intervertebral discs and knee pad (meniscus)?

  • fibrocartilage

  • elastic

  • hyaline

  • areolar

  • adipose

Explanation

Correct Answer:

fibrocartilage

Explanation:

Fibrocartilage is the strongest type of cartilage, characterized by thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged in rows. This structure allows it to resist compression and absorb shock, making it ideal for weight-bearing areas such as intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and the menisci of the knee. Its combination of toughness and slight flexibility provides both strength and cushioning in joints subject to heavy stress.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

elastic

This is incorrect because elastic cartilage contains numerous elastic fibers, making it flexible. It is found in the external ear and epiglottis, not in intervertebral discs or knees.

hyaline

This is incorrect because hyaline cartilage has a smooth, glassy appearance with no visible fibers. It covers the ends of bones, supports the nose, and forms costal cartilage, not intervertebral discs.

areolar

This is incorrect because areolar tissue is a loose connective tissue that provides packing and support beneath epithelial layers. It is not a cartilage type.

adipose

This is incorrect because adipose tissue stores fat and provides insulation and cushioning. It is a loose connective tissue, not cartilage, and does not resist compression in joints.


2.

What term is used for excessive sweating?

  • blepharospasm

  • strabismus

  • migraines

  • hyperhidrosis

Explanation

Correct Answer:

hyperhidrosis

Explanation:

Hyperhidrosis is the medical term for excessive sweating beyond what is necessary for thermoregulation. It most commonly affects the palms, soles, underarms, and face. The condition can be primary (due to overactive sweat glands) or secondary (linked to conditions like hyperthyroidism, diabetes, or certain medications). It often causes discomfort, embarrassment, and interference with daily activities.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

blepharospasm

This is incorrect because blepharospasm refers to involuntary twitching or spasm of the eyelid muscles. It has nothing to do with sweating.

strabismus

This is incorrect because strabismus is a condition in which the eyes do not properly align with each other, commonly called "crossed eyes." It does not involve sweating.

migraines

This is incorrect because migraines are severe, recurrent headaches often associated with nausea, light sensitivity, or aura. They are unrelated to sweat gland function.


3.

sweat glands

  • sudoriferous

  • serous

  • mucous

  • sebaceous

Explanation

Correct Answer:

sudoriferous

Explanation:

Sudoriferous glands are sweat glands responsible for producing sweat, which helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste products. They are divided into eccrine glands, which secrete watery sweat for cooling, and apocrine glands, which produce thicker secretions found in areas like the armpits and groin. These glands play a key role in thermoregulation and maintaining homeostasis.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

serous

This is incorrect because serous glands secrete a thin, watery fluid rich in enzymes, such as those found in salivary glands. They are not sweat glands.

mucous

This is incorrect because mucous glands secrete mucus, a thick protective fluid. Examples include goblet cells and glands in the respiratory and digestive tracts, not sweat glands.

sebaceous

This is incorrect because sebaceous glands secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair. They are oil glands, not sweat glands.


4.

means mature; maintains the matrix

  • cyte

  • fibro

  • blast

  • hemato

  • chondro

Explanation

Correct Answer:

cyte

Explanation:

The suffix -cyte refers to a mature cell that maintains the matrix of connective tissue. For example, osteocytes maintain bone matrix, chondrocytes maintain cartilage matrix, and fibrocytes maintain connective tissue fibers. Unlike -blast cells, which are immature and actively secrete matrix, -cyte cells are less active but essential for maintaining tissue health and stability once the matrix is established.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

fibro

This is incorrect because fibro- is a prefix meaning fiber. It does not indicate maturity or a role in maintaining the matrix.

blast

This is incorrect because -blast refers to immature cells that secrete and build the matrix, not the mature cells that maintain it.

hemato

This is incorrect because hemato- means blood. It is used in terms like hematology or hematopoiesis and does not describe a mature cell maintaining connective tissue matrix.

chondro

This is incorrect because chondro- is a prefix meaning cartilage. It is used in words like chondroblast or chondrocyte but does not by itself mean “mature” or “matrix-maintaining.”


5.

means "between lateral and medial"

  • intermediate

  • sagittal

  • proximal

  • ventral

  • dorsal

Explanation

Correct Answer:

intermediate

Explanation:

Intermediate is the anatomical directional term used to describe a structure located between a medial (closer to the midline) and a lateral (farther from the midline) structure. For example, the collarbone (clavicle) is intermediate between the sternum (medial) and the shoulder (lateral). This term provides precise reference when describing positions along the transverse axis of the body.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

sagittal

This is incorrect because sagittal refers to an anatomical plane that divides the body into left and right parts. It does not describe position between medial and lateral.

proximal

This is incorrect because proximal refers to a structure being closer to the point of origin or attachment, especially on the limbs. It does not relate to medial or lateral positioning.

ventral

This is incorrect because ventral means toward the front or belly side of the body. It describes anterior-posterior orientation, not relative position between medial and lateral.

dorsal

This is incorrect because dorsal means toward the back of the body. In humans, it aligns with posterior. It does not describe the position between medial and lateral structures.


6.

muscle connected to hair follicle that causes goose bumps when it contracts to produce heat
 

  • arrector pili

  • root hair plexus

  • cuticle

  • lunula

  • matrix

Explanation

Correct Answer:

arrector pili

Explanation:

The arrector pili is a small band of smooth muscle attached to hair follicles. When it contracts, it pulls the hair follicle upright, creating "goose bumps." This action is triggered by cold temperatures or emotional stimuli such as fear. The contraction also helps generate a small amount of heat, aiding in thermoregulation. The arrector pili muscle is involuntary and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

root hair plexus

This is incorrect because the root hair plexus is a network of sensory nerves around the hair follicle. It detects movement of the hair but does not cause goose bumps.

cuticle

This is incorrect because the cuticle is the outermost layer of the hair shaft, made of overlapping keratinized cells. It provides protection but has no role in movement or thermoregulation.

lunula

This is incorrect because the lunula is the crescent-shaped, whitish area at the base of the nail. It is related to nail growth, not hair or goose bumps.

matrix

This is incorrect because the matrix is the actively dividing region of cells at the base of the hair or nail that produces new growth. It does not contract or cause hair to stand up.


7.

wax glands

  • ceruminous

  • sudoriferous

  • sebaceous

  • apocrine

  • serous

Explanation

Correct Answer:

ceruminous

Explanation:

Ceruminous glands are specialized modified apocrine glands located in the ear canal. They secrete cerumen (earwax), which protects the ear by trapping dust, debris, and microorganisms while also lubricating the ear canal. This waxy secretion helps maintain ear health by providing both a physical barrier and antibacterial properties.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

sudoriferous

This is incorrect because sudoriferous glands are sweat glands that secrete sweat for thermoregulation and waste removal, not earwax.

sebaceous

This is incorrect because sebaceous glands secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin and hair. They are not located in the ear canal for wax production.

apocrine

This is incorrect because apocrine glands are sweat glands located mainly in the armpits and groin. They produce a thicker secretion but are not the glands responsible for earwax.

serous

This is incorrect because serous glands secrete a thin, watery, enzyme-rich fluid, such as those found in salivary glands. They do not produce earwax.


8.

oil glands

  • sudoriferous

  • sebaceous

  • eccrine

  • axillary

  • serous

Explanation

Correct Answer:

sebaceous

Explanation:

Sebaceous glands are oil glands found throughout the skin, usually connected to hair follicles. They secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates and waterproofs the skin and hair, preventing them from becoming dry and brittle. Sebum also has antibacterial properties, helping protect against infection. These glands are most abundant on the scalp, face, and upper torso.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

sudoriferous

This is incorrect because sudoriferous glands are sweat glands, not oil glands. They secrete sweat for cooling and waste excretion.

eccrine

This is incorrect because eccrine glands are a type of sweat gland that produce watery sweat to regulate body temperature. They are not oil-secreting glands.

axillary

This is incorrect because axillary refers to the armpit region. While sweat glands are abundant there, “axillary” is not the name of an oil gland.

serous

This is incorrect because serous glands secrete a thin, watery fluid containing enzymes, such as in salivary glands. They do not produce oil.


9.

Which of the following is an example of an exocrine gland?

  • pancreas

  • sweat

  • pineal

  • both a and c

Explanation

Correct Answer:

sweat

Explanation:

Sweat glands are exocrine glands because they release their secretions (sweat) through ducts onto the surface of the skin. Exocrine glands use ducts to deliver products either to the outside of the body or into body cavities. Sweat glands play an important role in thermoregulation and waste excretion.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

pancreas

This is incorrect because the pancreas is a mixed gland. It has both exocrine functions (secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine) and endocrine functions (secreting insulin and glucagon into the blood). By itself, it is not purely exocrine.

pineal

This is incorrect because the pineal gland is an endocrine gland. It secretes melatonin directly into the bloodstream, not through ducts.

both a and c

This is incorrect because while the pancreas has some exocrine functions, the pineal gland is purely endocrine. Therefore, grouping them together does not provide the correct answer.


10.

Protein factories are called

  • ribosomes

  • lysosomes

  • centrioles

  • microtubules

  • vacuoles

Explanation

Correct Answer:

ribosomes

Explanation:

Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, often referred to as the "protein factories" of the cell. They translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains by linking amino acids together. Ribosomes can be free-floating in the cytoplasm (producing proteins for internal use) or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (producing proteins for export or membrane insertion).

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

lysosomes

This is incorrect because lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, pathogens, and damaged organelles. They are not involved in protein synthesis.

centrioles

This is incorrect because centrioles help organize spindle fibers during cell division, ensuring proper chromosome separation, not protein production.

microtubules

This is incorrect because microtubules are structural components of the cytoskeleton that provide shape, support, and intracellular transport. They are not protein factories.

vacuoles

This is incorrect because vacuoles are storage organelles for substances such as water, ions, or nutrients. They do not synthesize proteins.


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