Bio 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Free Bio 201 Human Anatomy and Physiology Questions

1. Which organelle is known as suicide sacs or garbage disposals; they contain enzymes for digesting materials?
  • lysosomes
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
  • centrioles
  • endoplasmic reticulum

Explanation

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes. They function as the cell’s "garbage disposals" by breaking down waste materials, worn-out organelles, and pathogens. They are sometimes called "suicide sacs" because if they rupture, the enzymes can digest the cell itself. This makes them essential for cellular cleanup and recycling.
2.

A cut on a diagonal or at an angle is

  • oblique

  • sagittal

  • horizontal

  • coronal

  • coronal and horizontal

Explanation

Correct Answer:

oblique

Explanation:

An oblique cut is made at a diagonal or angled plane that is not purely sagittal, coronal, or horizontal. It allows examination of structures from a slanted perspective, often providing a better view of anatomical relationships that cannot be seen clearly in standard planes. In medical imaging, oblique cuts are frequently used to highlight complex structures in the body.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

sagittal

This is incorrect because a sagittal cut divides the body into right and left portions. It runs vertically, not diagonally, so it is not considered an oblique cut.

horizontal

This is incorrect because a horizontal (or transverse) cut divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions. It runs straight across, not at an angle.

coronal

This is incorrect because a coronal (or frontal) cut divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. It is vertical but not diagonal.

coronal and horizontal

This is incorrect because combining coronal and horizontal still produces straight cuts in defined planes. An oblique cut, by contrast, is specifically angled and does not align with either of these planes.


3.

removal of materials from a cell by forming a vacuole or vesicle

  • exocytosis

  • endocytosis

  • pinocytosis

  • phagocytosis

  • facilitated diffusion

Explanation

Correct Answer:

exocytosis

Explanation:

Exocytosis is the process by which cells remove materials using vesicles. In this process, vesicles formed inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents outside. It is an energy-requiring (active) transport mechanism used for secreting hormones, neurotransmitters, and cellular waste.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

endocytosis

This is incorrect because endocytosis is the process of taking materials into the cell, not removing them.

pinocytosis

This is incorrect because pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis where the cell engulfs extracellular fluid ("cell drinking"). It brings materials into the cell rather than removing them.

phagocytosis

This is incorrect because phagocytosis is another type of endocytosis where large particles like bacteria are engulfed ("cell eating"). It also brings materials into the cell.

facilitated diffusion

This is incorrect because facilitated diffusion is a passive process where molecules move down their concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins. It does not involve vesicles or removal of materials.


4.

Protein factories are called

  • ribosomes

  • lysosomes

  • centrioles

  • microtubules

  • vacuoles

Explanation

Correct Answer:

ribosomes

Explanation:

Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, often referred to as the "protein factories" of the cell. They translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains by linking amino acids together. Ribosomes can be free-floating in the cytoplasm (producing proteins for internal use) or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (producing proteins for export or membrane insertion).

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

lysosomes

This is incorrect because lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, pathogens, and damaged organelles. They are not involved in protein synthesis.

centrioles

This is incorrect because centrioles help organize spindle fibers during cell division, ensuring proper chromosome separation, not protein production.

microtubules

This is incorrect because microtubules are structural components of the cytoskeleton that provide shape, support, and intracellular transport. They are not protein factories.

vacuoles

This is incorrect because vacuoles are storage organelles for substances such as water, ions, or nutrients. They do not synthesize proteins.


5.

What are the wavelike projections of the papillary layer that contain capillary loops, free nerve endings, etc?

  • dermal papillae

  • epidermal ridges

  • epidermal folds

Explanation

Correct Answer:

dermal papillae

Explanation:

Dermal papillae are fingerlike (wavelike) projections of the papillary layer of the dermis that extend upward into the epidermis. They contain capillary loops that nourish the epidermis, as well as free nerve endings and touch receptors such as Meissner’s corpuscles. Dermal papillae increase the surface area for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between dermis and epidermis, and also strengthen the connection between the two layers.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

epidermal ridges

This is incorrect because epidermal ridges are downward projections of the epidermis that interlock with dermal papillae. Together, they form the patterns seen in fingerprints, but the projections that contain capillaries and nerves specifically belong to the dermis.

epidermal folds

This is incorrect because epidermal folds are simply surface foldings of the epidermis, not structures containing capillaries, nerves, or receptors. They do not provide the functions that dermal papillae do.


6. large molecules that span the lipid bilayer for transport of materials in and out of the cell
  • carbohydrates
  • integral proteins
  • peripheral proteins
  • phospholipids
  • DNA

Explanation

Integral proteins are large, embedded molecules that span the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Many function as channels, carriers, or pumps to transport substances such as ions, glucose, and other molecules across the otherwise impermeable phospholipid bilayer. Because they extend through the membrane, they play essential roles in communication, signaling, and selective transport.
7. The control center that contains DNA is the
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleolus
  • chromatin
  • centriole

Explanation

The nucleus is the control center of the cell because it houses DNA, the genetic material that directs all cellular activities. DNA provides the instructions for protein synthesis and regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction. The nuclear envelope protects the DNA, and nuclear pores allow controlled exchange of materials.
8.

Refers to the channel proteins by which water enters and leaves cell

  • pumps

  • aquaporins

  • symports

  • antiports

  • coupled transports

Explanation

Correct Answer:

aquaporins

Explanation:

Aquaporins are specialized channel proteins in the cell membrane that allow water to move rapidly in and out of cells. They facilitate osmosis by providing a pathway for water molecules, which otherwise diffuse slowly through the lipid bilayer. Aquaporins are essential in tissues where water movement is critical, such as the kidneys, lungs, and red blood cells.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

pumps

This is incorrect because pumps use energy (ATP) to move ions or molecules against their gradient. They are not used for water transport.

symports

This is incorrect because symports move two substances in the same direction across the membrane, usually using one gradient to drive the other. They do not specialize in water transport.

antiports

This is incorrect because antiports move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane. They do not directly handle water movement.

coupled transports

This is incorrect because coupled transport refers to processes where one molecule’s movement powers another’s, such as symports and antiports. Water does not require such coupling, as it moves through aquaporins.


9.

one layer of square cells for absorption and secretion

  • simple cuboidal

  • simple squamous

  • simple columnar

  • stratified cuboidal

  • stratified columnar

Explanation

Correct Answer:

simple cuboidal

Explanation:

Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped (square) cells. This tissue is specialized for absorption and secretion and is commonly found in the kidney tubules, thyroid gland, and ducts of small glands. The uniform cube shape allows efficient exchange of substances while providing more structural strength than simple squamous epithelium.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

simple squamous

This is incorrect because simple squamous epithelium is made of flat cells specialized for diffusion and filtration, not absorption and secretion.

simple columnar

This is incorrect because simple columnar epithelium is a single layer of tall, rectangular cells. It also performs absorption and secretion but does not have square-shaped cells.

stratified cuboidal

This is incorrect because stratified cuboidal epithelium has two or more layers of cube-shaped cells. It is found in ducts of sweat glands and provides protection, not just simple absorption and secretion.

stratified columnar

This is incorrect because stratified columnar epithelium has multiple layers with tall cells at the surface. It is rare and provides protection and limited secretion, not primarily absorption.


10.

Stem cells of connective tissue which repair damaged tissues by replacing cells are called

  • proteoglycans

  • mast cells

  • mesenchymal cells

  • umbrella cells

  • desmosomes

Explanation

Correct Answer:

mesenchymal cells

Explanation:

Mesenchymal cells are multipotent stem cells found in connective tissue. They can differentiate into various cell types such as fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and adipocytes. Their primary role is tissue repair and regeneration, as they replace damaged or lost connective tissue cells. Because of their ability to develop into multiple connective tissue lineages, mesenchymal stem cells are critical for healing injuries and maintaining tissue homeostasis.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

proteoglycans

This is incorrect because proteoglycans are large molecules in the extracellular matrix that provide structural support and regulate water balance. They are not cells and cannot repair tissue.

mast cells

This is incorrect because mast cells are immune cells in connective tissue that release histamine and other chemicals during allergic and inflammatory responses. They do not function as stem cells for tissue repair.

umbrella cells

This is incorrect because umbrella cells are specialized epithelial cells in the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder. They provide protection against stretching and urine but are not connective tissue stem cells.

desmosomes

This is incorrect because desmosomes are cell junctions that hold adjacent cells together, especially in epithelial tissue. They are structural features, not cells, and cannot regenerate tissue.


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