D340 Cyber Defense and Countermeasures
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Free D340 Cyber Defense and Countermeasures Questions
What is the primary purpose of a bug bounty program in the context of cybersecurity?
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To punish hackers for exploiting vulnerabilities
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To reward researchers for identifying security weaknesses
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To provide free software to users
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To train employees on cybersecurity best practices
Explanation
Explanation:
A bug bounty program is designed to incentivize ethical hackers and security researchers to identify and report vulnerabilities in software or systems. Organizations offer rewards, recognition, or monetary compensation for discovering security weaknesses before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach strengthens security by leveraging external expertise, rather than punishing hackers, providing free software, or focusing on internal employee training.
Correct Answer:
To reward researchers for identifying security weaknesses
Which of the following is an example of pretexting?
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A person accessing your email account without permission
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A person stealing a credit card bill from your mailbox
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A retailer scanning your credit card to steal its number
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A person calling and pretending to be an employee from your bank
Explanation
Explanation:
Pretexting is a social engineering technique in which an attacker creates a fabricated scenario to manipulate a victim into divulging confidential information. Calling and pretending to be a bank employee is a classic example because the attacker invents a false identity and situation to gain the victim’s trust. The other options involve unauthorized access or theft but do not use a constructed pretext to elicit information.
Correct Answer:
A person calling and pretending to be an employee from your bank
Contract workers place a higher risk on the organization for all of the following reasons, except which one?
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They are not full-time regular employees and might lack loyalty.
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They are more likely to compromise the organization
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They see the company as worthy of protection.
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They might not be accountable after a project ends.
Explanation
Explanation:
Contract workers may pose a higher risk because they are not full-time employees, may lack long-term loyalty, and might not be accountable once a project ends. However, the statement that they “see the company as worthy of protection” is not a reason for increased risk; in fact, recognizing the importance of protecting the organization would reduce risk. Therefore, this option does not align with why contract workers might be considered a higher security risk.
Correct Answer:
They see the company as worthy of protection.
Which one of these is NOT a reason why employees are considered dangerous?
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They often have the credentials needed to access sensitive parts of systems
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They always follow guidelines outlined in the corporate security policy
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They usually have extensive knowledge of systems.
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They know corporate control mechanisms and so often know how to avoid detection.
Explanation
Explanation:
Employees are considered potentially dangerous because they have legitimate access credentials, extensive knowledge of systems, and an understanding of corporate control mechanisms, which can allow them to bypass security measures or unintentionally cause security breaches. However, the statement that employees always follow guidelines outlined in the corporate security policy is not a reason they are dangerous; in fact, adherence to security policies reduces risk. The danger arises primarily when employees fail to follow guidelines or misuse their knowledge and access.
Correct Answer:
They always follow guidelines outlined in the corporate security policy
A(n) ________ is said to happen when an unauthorized person views, alters, or steals secured data.
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data breach
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asynchronous communication
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key escrow
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sequence flow
Explanation
Explanation:
A data breach occurs when an unauthorized individual gains access to protected or confidential information, potentially viewing, altering, or stealing it. This compromises the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of data. The other options—such as asynchronous communication, key escrow, or sequence flow—do not describe unauthorized access or theft of secured data, making data breach the correct term.
Correct Answer:
data breach
What is the primary objective of trade secret espionage in the context of cyber threats?
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To disrupt company operations
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To illegally acquire confidential business information
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To spread malware across networks
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To conduct financial fraud
Explanation
Explanation:
Trade secret espionage involves stealing confidential business information, such as formulas, processes, designs, or proprietary strategies, to gain competitive advantage. The main goal is unauthorized acquisition of intellectual property rather than directly disrupting operations, spreading malware, or committing financial fraud. This type of cyber threat targets the value of knowledge that provides a company with a market edge.
Correct Answer:
To illegally acquire confidential business information
Instructions or code that executes on an end user's machine from a web browser is known as _________ code.
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Active X
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JavaScript
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Malware
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Windows Scripting
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Mobile
Explanation
Explanation:
JavaScript is a programming language commonly used to execute instructions directly in a web browser on the client side. It can provide dynamic content, interactivity, and automation in web pages. While it can sometimes be exploited for malicious purposes, its defining feature is that it runs in the end user’s browser. Other options like ActiveX, Windows Scripting, or mobile code refer to different execution environments or contexts.
Correct Answer:
JavaScript
Which of the following is NOT one of the three general methods for exploiting a network protocol?
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Trick a host into performing a malicious action.
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Exploit one host's assets to attack a different victim host.
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Use up the victim host's resources directly.
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Masquerade as another host or user.
Explanation
Explanation:
The three general methods for exploiting a network protocol typically include tricking a host into performing a malicious action, exploiting one host's assets to attack a different victim host, and masquerading as another host or user. Using up the victim host's resources directly, while potentially disruptive, is not considered a standard method of network protocol exploitation; it is more characteristic of a denial-of-service attack rather than a protocol-specific exploit. This makes it the option that does not belong to the three general exploitation methods.
Correct Answer:
Use up the victim host's resources directly.
What is a common method by which employees may exploit vulnerabilities within their company's computer systems?
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Utilizing unauthorized access through stolen login information
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Implementing advanced encryption protocols
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Conducting regular security audits
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Installing legitimate software updates
Explanation
Explanation:
Employees may exploit vulnerabilities by using unauthorized access, such as stolen or shared login credentials, to gain entry to restricted areas of the system. This allows them to manipulate, steal, or damage data and bypass normal security controls. The other options—implementing encryption, conducting audits, or installing legitimate updates—are legitimate security practices and do not represent exploitation of system vulnerabilities.
Correct Answer:
Utilizing unauthorized access through stolen login information
What are the primary functions of hacker scripts in the context of cyber attacks?
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To enhance system security
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To automate the process of exploiting vulnerabilities
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To create legitimate software applications
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To monitor network traffic for security breaches
Explanation
Explanation:
Hacker scripts are typically used to automate repetitive tasks that exploit vulnerabilities, allowing attackers to efficiently scan, probe, and compromise many targets without manual intervention. These scripts can execute exploit payloads, open backdoors, or perform reconnaissance at scale. While some scripts may be repurposed for defensive testing, their primary function in malicious contexts is automation of exploitation rather than creating legitimate applications or monitoring for security.
Correct Answer:
To automate the process of exploiting vulnerabilities
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