Biochemistry Exam 2 Chicago State University School of Pharmacy.
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Free Biochemistry Exam 2 Chicago State University School of Pharmacy. Questions
Among two different types of bonds shown in the figure below, what type of bond is present in sucrose (Table sugar)?
[IMAGE_2]
- α-1,2-bond
- β-1,4-bond
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) α-1,2-bond
Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked together by an α-1,2-glycosidic bond. This bond forms between the anomeric carbon (C1) of α-glucose and the anomeric carbon (C2) of β-fructose. This linkage is unique because it involves both anomeric carbons of the two monosaccharides, making sucrose a non-reducing sugar — it has no free anomeric carbon available to act as a reducing agent.
Nucleotides in DNA are linked together by:
- Phosphodiester bonds
- Peptide bonds
- Glycosidic bonds
- Hydrogen bonds
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Phosphodiester bonds.
Nucleotides in DNA are covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds, which form between the 3'-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide's sugar and the 5'-phosphate group of the next nucleotide, creating the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA strand. Peptide bonds link amino acids in proteins, glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides in carbohydrates, and hydrogen bonds hold the two complementary DNA strands together between base pairs — but they do not link nucleotides within the same strand.
Which of the following statements regarding pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP) is true?
- PDP activates Pyruvate Kinase which activates TCA cycles producing more energy.
- PDP activates α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex which activates TCA cycles producing more energy.
- PDP inactivates Pyruvate Kinase which activates TCA cycles producing more energy.
- PDP activates Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which activates TCA cycles producing more energy.
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) PDP activates Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which activates TCA cycles producing more energy.
PDP dephosphorylates (removes a phosphate group from) the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC), which activates it. The active PDC then converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA, which enters the TCA cycle, ultimately producing more energy in the form of ATP. PDP does not act on Pyruvate Kinase or α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex — those are separate enzymes with distinct regulatory mechanisms.
Which of the following compound is a cytosine analog?
[IMAGE_5]
- Didanosine
- Stavudine
- Zidovudine
- Zalcitabine
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Zalcitabine.
Zalcitabine (ddC — dideoxycytidine) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that is structurally analogous to cytosine. It mimics the natural nucleoside deoxycytidine by containing a cytosine base attached to a modified dideoxy sugar, lacking the 3'-hydroxyl group necessary for DNA chain elongation. When incorporated into viral DNA by reverse transcriptase, it terminates further DNA synthesis, inhibiting HIV replication.
The other options are analogs of different nucleosides — Didanosine (A) is an adenine/hypoxanthine analog, Stavudine (B) is a thymidine analog, and Zidovudine (C) is also a thymidine analog. Only Zalcitabine carries the cytosine base, making it the correct cytosine analog among the choices.
Which of the following is responsible for donating electrons and protons to oxygen to form water in the ETC complex?
- Complex I
- Complex II
- Complex III
- Complex IV
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Complex IV.
Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain and is solely responsible for the reduction of molecular oxygen (O₂) to water (H₂O). It accepts electrons from cytochrome c and combines them with protons (H⁺) from the matrix and molecular oxygen to form water. This is the terminal reaction of the ETC: 4e⁻ + 4H⁺ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Complexes I, II, and III transfer electrons but do not directly reduce oxygen to water.
Which of the following compound is a cytosine analog?
- Didanosine
- Stavudine
- Zidovudine
- Zalcitabine
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Zalcitabine.
Zalcitabine (ddC — dideoxycytidine) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that is structurally analogous to cytosine. It mimics the natural nucleoside deoxycytidine by containing a cytosine base attached to a modified dideoxy sugar, lacking the 3'-hydroxyl group necessary for DNA chain elongation. When incorporated into viral DNA by reverse transcriptase, it terminates further DNA synthesis, inhibiting HIV replication.
The other options are analogs of different nucleosides — Didanosine (A) is an adenine/hypoxanthine analog, Stavudine (B) is a thymidine analog, and Zidovudine (C) is also a thymidine analog. Only Zalcitabine carries the cytosine base, making it the correct cytosine analog among the choices.
Which of the following is a fat soluble Vitamin? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin B12
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin C
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Vitamin A and C) Vitamin D
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary fats and stored in fatty tissues and the liver. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth. Vitamin D is critical for calcium absorption and bone health. Vitamin B12 and Vitamin C are both water-soluble vitamins, meaning they dissolve in water and are not stored in the body in significant amounts.
Which of the following factors is responsible for DNA mutation?
- Increase in Oxygen Consumption
- Deiodination
- Deamination
- None of the above
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Deamination.
Deamination is a well-established cause of DNA mutation. It refers to the removal of an amino group from a nucleotide base, most commonly converting cytosine to uracil. If unrepaired before replication, this leads to a C→T transition mutation — one of the most common spontaneous mutations in DNA. Deamination can occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens such as nitrous acid. Increased oxygen consumption (A) and deiodination (B) are metabolic processes unrelated to direct DNA mutagenesis.
Vitamin responsible for decreased vision in darkness.
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin B12
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Vitamin A.
Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for vision, particularly in low-light and dark conditions. It is converted to retinal, which combines with the protein opsin to form rhodopsin — the light-sensitive pigment found in rod cells of the retina. Rod cells are responsible for scotopic (dim light/night) vision. Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness (nyctalopia) — the inability to adapt to darkness — and if severe, can progress to complete blindness. Vitamins D, K, and B12 have no direct role in visual phototransduction.
Among two different types of bonds shown in the figure below, what type of bond is present in sucrose (Table sugar)?
- α-1,2-bond
- β-1,4-bond
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) α-1,2-bond
Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked together by an α-1,2-glycosidic bond. This bond forms between the anomeric carbon (C1) of α-glucose and the anomeric carbon (C2) of β-fructose. This linkage is unique because it involves both anomeric carbons of the two monosaccharides, making sucrose a non-reducing sugar — it has no free anomeric carbon available to act as a reducing agent.
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