Biochemistry Exam 2 Chicago State University School of Pharmacy.
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Free Biochemistry Exam 2 Chicago State University School of Pharmacy. Questions
Which of the following pairs is NOT an epimeric pair?
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- Allose – Glucose
- Allose – Altrose
- Altrose – Glucose
- Altrose – Mannose
- Glucose – Mannose
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Altrose – Glucose.
Epimers are monosaccharides that differ in configuration at only one specific carbon atom. Examining the structures provided: Glucose and Mannose (E) are epimers at C2. Allose and Altrose (B) are epimers at C2. Allose and Glucose (A) are epimers at C3. Altrose and Mannose (D) are epimers at C3. Altrose and Glucose, however, differ in configuration at TWO carbon positions (C2 and C3), making them diastereomers but NOT epimers. Since epimers must differ at only one carbon, Altrose–Glucose does not qualify as an epimeric pair.
What is the function of Complex I in the ETC?
- Catalyzes the oxidation of NAD⁺
- Catalyzes the oxidation of NADH
- Catalyzes the oxidation of FADH₂
- Catalyzes the oxidation of FAD
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Catalyzes the oxidation of NADH.
Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) is the first and largest enzyme complex of the electron transport chain. Its primary function is to catalyze the oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺, transferring two electrons to ubiquinone (CoQ), reducing it to ubiquinol (CoQH₂). This electron transfer is coupled to the pumping of 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, contributing to the proton motive force that drives ATP synthesis. FADH₂ oxidation is performed by Complex II, not Complex I.
A fire fighter was trying to get control of the wild fire which started in the trail near his house. Since he saw it first, he felt it was his obligation to make sure that trail was empty and there was no one around. By the time he came out of the trail, fire was intense and he was almost breathless due to inhalation of CO from the smoke. The inhalation of high amount of CO can cause toxicity by directly binding to:
- Complex I
- Complex II
- Complex IV
- Ubiquinone
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Complex IV.
Carbon monoxide (CO) causes toxicity by directly binding to the heme iron center of cytochrome c oxidase — Complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This binding inhibits the final step of electron transfer to molecular oxygen, completely halting oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. The result is cellular hypoxia despite adequate oxygen in the blood, leading to rapid energy failure in highly oxygen-dependent tissues such as the brain and heart. CO has a much higher affinity for heme iron than oxygen, making even small amounts of CO extremely dangerous.
Which of the following fatty acids is antiinflammatory in nature?
- Structure 1
- Structure 2
- Structure 3
- Structure 4
Explanation
Correct Answers: A and D
A) Structure 1 — Structure 1 depicts a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid (oleic acid), which has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and is a major component of olive oil, well known for its anti-inflammatory benefits.
D) Structure 4 — Structure 4 depicts a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid (such as alpha-linolenic acid or EPA/DHA), which are the most well-established antiinflammatory fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit the arachidonic acid pathway, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and promote the synthesis of anti-inflammatory resolvins and protectins.
Which of the following bases is a purine?
- Thymine
- Cytosine
- Uracil
- Adenine
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Adenine.
Purines are nitrogenous bases characterized by a double-ring structure consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. There are two purines found in nucleic acids — Adenine and Guanine. Adenine is present in both DNA and RNA. Thymine (A) is a pyrimidine found only in DNA, Cytosine (B) is a pyrimidine found in both DNA and RNA, and Uracil (C) is a pyrimidine found only in RNA — replacing thymine. Pyrimidines have a single six-membered ring structure, making them structurally smaller and distinct from the double-ring purines. A simple memory aid is "Pure As Gold" — Purines = Adenine and Guanine.
The general formula for most monosaccharides is:
- CₙH₂ₙO₂
- CH₂O
- CₙHₙOₙ
- CₙH₂ₙOₙ
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) CₙH₂ₙOₙ.
The general empirical formula for monosaccharides is CₙH₂ₙOₙ, where n represents the number of carbon atoms. This formula reflects the 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms characteristic of carbohydrates. For example, glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) perfectly fits this formula with n=6. This formula distinguishes monosaccharides from other organic compounds and confirms their classification as hydrates of carbon, hence the name "carbohydrate."
Which bond links two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide?
- Hydrogen bond
- Glycosidic bond
- Phosphodiester bond
- Peptide bond
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Glycosidic bond.
A glycosidic bond is the covalent bond that links two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide through a condensation reaction, releasing a water molecule. It forms between the anomeric carbon (C1) of one sugar and a hydroxyl group of another sugar. For example, in sucrose, glucose and fructose are linked by an α-1,2 glycosidic bond. Hydrogen bonds stabilize secondary structures, phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides in DNA/RNA, and peptide bonds link amino acids in proteins.
Vitamin responsible for decreased vision in darkness.
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin B12
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Vitamin A.
Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for vision, particularly in low-light and dark conditions. It is converted to retinal, which combines with the protein opsin to form rhodopsin — the light-sensitive pigment found in rod cells of the retina. Rod cells are responsible for scotopic (dim light/night) vision. Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness (nyctalopia) — the inability to adapt to darkness — and if severe, can progress to complete blindness. Vitamins D, K, and B12 have no direct role in visual phototransduction.
Match each Phospholipid to its correct primary function.
A) Phosphatidylinositol
B) Phosphatidylethanolamine
C) Phosphatidylcholine
D) Phosphatidylserine
- Acts as an "eat me" signal during apoptosis by flipping to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.
- Serves as a precursor for second messengers IP3 and DAG in intracellular signaling.
- Major component of pulmonary surfactant and the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.
- Supports membrane curvature and serves as a biosynthetic precursor to phosphatidylcholine.
Explanation
Correct Answers: A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
A) Phosphatidylinositol → 2 — acts as the precursor for IP3 and DAG, two critical second messengers that regulate intracellular calcium release and protein kinase C activation respectively.
B) Phosphatidylethanolamine → 4 — supports membrane curvature essential for vesicle formation and autophagy, and is converted to phosphatidylcholine through three sequential methylation reactions catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).
C) Phosphatidylcholine → 3 — the most abundant phospholipid in mammalian membranes, concentrated in the outer leaflet, and a critical component of lung surfactant that reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse.
D) Phosphatidylserine → 1 — normally restricted to the inner membrane leaflet, but translocates to the outer leaflet during programmed cell death, serving as a recognition signal that triggers phagocytic clearance by macrophages.
Which of the following are classified as lipids? Select all that apply.
- Phospholipids
- Sphingolipids
- Triglycerides
- Glucose
- Cholesterol
Explanation
Correct Answers: A, B, C, and E.
A) Phospholipids — major components of biological membranes, consisting of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate head group. B) Sphingolipids — complex lipids built on a sphingosine backbone, found abundantly in neural tissue and cell membranes. C) Triglycerides — the primary form of fat storage in the body, consisting of three fatty acids esterified to a glycerol molecule. E) Cholesterol — a sterol lipid essential for membrane fluidity, steroid hormone synthesis, and bile acid production. D is incorrect because glucose is a carbohydrate — a monosaccharide — and is not classified as a lipid.
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