Biochemistry Exam 2 Chicago State University School of Pharmacy.
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Free Biochemistry Exam 2 Chicago State University School of Pharmacy. Questions
Which of the following is very stable?
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Cis Fatty Acids
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Trans Fatty Acids
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Trans Fatty Acids.
Trans fatty acids are significantly more stable than cis fatty acids due to their molecular geometry. In trans fatty acids, the hydrogen atoms are positioned on opposite sides of the double bond, creating a straighter, more linear chain that allows for tighter packing and stronger van der Waals interactions between molecules. This results in higher melting points and greater thermodynamic stability. Cis fatty acids have hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond, creating a kinked structure that prevents tight packing, reduces stability, and lowers the melting point.
Which of the following molecules is regenerated in the TCA Cycle?
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Citrate
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Oxaloacetate
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Acetyl CoA
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Pyruvate
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Oxaloacetate.
Oxaloacetate (OAA) is the molecule that is regenerated at the end of each complete turn of the TCA cycle. It is a 4-carbon molecule that condenses with Acetyl-CoA at the beginning of the cycle to form citrate (6-carbon). After a series of reactions involving two decarboxylations and multiple oxidations, oxaloacetate is regenerated in the final step catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, ready to accept another Acetyl-CoA and begin the cycle again. This regeneration is what gives the TCA cycle its cyclic nature.
Cellulose differs from starch primarily because cellulose contains:
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α-1,4 glycosidic bonds
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α-1,6 glycosidic bonds
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Peptide bonds
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β-1,4 glycosidic bonds
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) β-1,4 glycosidic bonds.
Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide composed of glucose units linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. This β-linkage causes the glucose units to alternate orientation, creating long, straight, rigid chains that form strong hydrogen bonds with neighboring chains, resulting in the tough fibrous structure of plant cell walls. Starch, in contrast, uses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds (with α-1,6 at branch points in amylopectin), which create a helical, coiled structure that is digestible by human amylase enzymes. Human enzymes cannot break β-1,4 bonds, which is why cellulose is indigestible dietary fiber.
Which of the following compound is a cytosine analog?
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Didanosine
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Stavudine
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Zidovudine
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Zalcitabine
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Zalcitabine.
Zalcitabine (ddC — dideoxycytidine) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that is structurally analogous to cytosine. It mimics the natural nucleoside deoxycytidine by containing a cytosine base attached to a modified dideoxy sugar, lacking the 3'-hydroxyl group necessary for DNA chain elongation. When incorporated into viral DNA by reverse transcriptase, it terminates further DNA synthesis, inhibiting HIV replication.
The other options are analogs of different nucleosides — Didanosine (A) is an adenine/hypoxanthine analog, Stavudine (B) is a thymidine analog, and Zidovudine (C) is also a thymidine analog. Only Zalcitabine carries the cytosine base, making it the correct cytosine analog among the choices.
Vitamin responsible for decreased vision in darkness.
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Vitamin D
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Vitamin A
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Vitamin K
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Vitamin B12
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Vitamin A.
Vitamin A (retinol) is essential for vision, particularly in low-light and dark conditions. It is converted to retinal, which combines with the protein opsin to form rhodopsin — the light-sensitive pigment found in rod cells of the retina. Rod cells are responsible for scotopic (dim light/night) vision. Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness (nyctalopia) — the inability to adapt to darkness — and if severe, can progress to complete blindness. Vitamins D, K, and B12 have no direct role in visual phototransduction.
Which of the following is a fat soluble Vitamin? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.
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Vitamin A
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Vitamin B12
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Vitamin D
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Vitamin C
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Vitamin A and C) Vitamin D
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary fats and stored in fatty tissues and the liver. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. Vitamin A is essential for vision, immune function, and cell growth. Vitamin D is critical for calcium absorption and bone health. Vitamin B12 and Vitamin C are both water-soluble vitamins, meaning they dissolve in water and are not stored in the body in significant amounts.
Nucleotides in DNA are linked together by:
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Phosphodiester bonds
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Peptide bonds
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Glycosidic bonds
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Hydrogen bonds
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Phosphodiester bonds.
Nucleotides in DNA are covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds, which form between the 3'-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide's sugar and the 5'-phosphate group of the next nucleotide, creating the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA strand. Peptide bonds link amino acids in proteins, glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides in carbohydrates, and hydrogen bonds hold the two complementary DNA strands together between base pairs — but they do not link nucleotides within the same strand.
During a routine evaluation, a patient detected high amount of PGE-2 and LT-4 in his blood. This indicates the presence of:
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High amount of anti-inflammatory cytokines
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High inflammatory markers
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Normal patient with no conditions
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Presence of Stage IV Cancer
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) High inflammatory markers.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) and Leukotriene 4 (LT-4) are potent pro-inflammatory eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways respectively. PGE-2 mediates fever, vasodilation, pain sensitization, and inflammation, while LT-4 is involved in bronchoconstriction, chemotaxis, and allergic inflammatory responses. Elevated levels of both in the blood are clear indicators of active inflammatory processes in the body. They are not anti-inflammatory mediators (A), not normal findings (C), and while chronic inflammation is associated with cancer, elevated eicosanoids alone do not specifically indicate Stage IV Cancer (D).
The general formula for most monosaccharides is:
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CₙH₂ₙO₂
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CH₂O
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CₙHₙOₙ
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CₙH₂ₙOₙ
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) CₙH₂ₙOₙ.
The general empirical formula for monosaccharides is CₙH₂ₙOₙ, where n represents the number of carbon atoms. This formula reflects the 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms characteristic of carbohydrates. For example, glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) perfectly fits this formula with n=6. This formula distinguishes monosaccharides from other organic compounds and confirms their classification as hydrates of carbon, hence the name "carbohydrate."
Match each Phospholipid to its correct primary function.
A) Phosphatidylinositol
B) Phosphatidylethanolamine
C) Phosphatidylcholine
D) Phosphatidylserine
- Acts as an "eat me" signal during apoptosis by flipping to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.
- Serves as a precursor for second messengers IP3 and DAG in intracellular signaling.
- Major component of pulmonary surfactant and the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.
- Supports membrane curvature and serves as a biosynthetic precursor to phosphatidylcholine.
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Phosphatidylinositol
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Phosphatidylethanolamine
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Phosphatidylcholine
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Phosphatidylserine
Explanation
Correct Answers: A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
A) Phosphatidylinositol → 2 — acts as the precursor for IP3 and DAG, two critical second messengers that regulate intracellular calcium release and protein kinase C activation respectively.
B) Phosphatidylethanolamine → 4 — supports membrane curvature essential for vesicle formation and autophagy, and is converted to phosphatidylcholine through three sequential methylation reactions catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).
C) Phosphatidylcholine → 3 — the most abundant phospholipid in mammalian membranes, concentrated in the outer leaflet, and a critical component of lung surfactant that reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse.
D) Phosphatidylserine → 1 — normally restricted to the inner membrane leaflet, but translocates to the outer leaflet during programmed cell death, serving as a recognition signal that triggers phagocytic clearance by macrophages.
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