Biochemistry Exam 2 Chicago State University School of Pharmacy.
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Free Biochemistry Exam 2 Chicago State University School of Pharmacy. Questions
Which of the following fatty acids is antiinflammatory in nature?
- Structure 1
- Structure 2
- Structure 3
- Structure 4
Explanation
Correct Answers: A and D
A) Structure 1 — Structure 1 depicts a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid (oleic acid), which has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and is a major component of olive oil, well known for its anti-inflammatory benefits.
D) Structure 4 — Structure 4 depicts a polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid (such as alpha-linolenic acid or EPA/DHA), which are the most well-established antiinflammatory fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit the arachidonic acid pathway, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and promote the synthesis of anti-inflammatory resolvins and protectins.
How many molecules of NADH are synthesized per molecule of glucose? HINT: from Glycolysis to the end of TCA cycle.
- 12
- 8
- 5
- 10
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) 10
Per molecule of glucose, NADH is produced at the following stages: Glycolysis produces 2 NADH, the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase reaction produces 2 NADH (one per pyruvate × 2 pyruvates), and the TCA cycle produces 6 NADH (3 per turn × 2 turns). This gives a total of 2 + 2 + 6 = 10 NADH per molecule of glucose. Note that if FADH2 were included, the total electron carriers would be higher, but the question specifically asks about NADH only.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase can be activated by?
- NADH
- ADP
- Pyruvate
- Ca2+ Ions
- NAD+
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) NADH
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDK) is activated by high energy signals in the cell, most notably NADH (as well as Acetyl-CoA and ATP), which indicate that the cell has sufficient energy. When NADH levels are high, PDK phosphorylates and thereby inactivates the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC), slowing down the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA. ADP, pyruvate, Ca2+ ions, and NAD+ are actually inhibitors of PDK or activators of PDC, promoting energy production rather than slowing it down.
During a routine evaluation, a patient detected high amount of PGE-2 and LT-4 in his blood. This indicates the presence of:
- High amount of anti-inflammatory cytokines
- High inflammatory markers
- Normal patient with no conditions
- Presence of Stage IV Cancer
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) High inflammatory markers.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) and Leukotriene 4 (LT-4) are potent pro-inflammatory eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid through the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways respectively. PGE-2 mediates fever, vasodilation, pain sensitization, and inflammation, while LT-4 is involved in bronchoconstriction, chemotaxis, and allergic inflammatory responses. Elevated levels of both in the blood are clear indicators of active inflammatory processes in the body. They are not anti-inflammatory mediators (A), not normal findings (C), and while chronic inflammation is associated with cancer, elevated eicosanoids alone do not specifically indicate Stage IV Cancer (D).
Which of the following is not an enzyme of the TCA cycle?
- Malate dehydrogenase
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase Complex
- Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex
- Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Pyruvate dehydrogenase Complex.
The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) is not an enzyme of the TCA cycle itself. It is a separate mitochondrial enzyme complex that catalyzes the irreversible conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA — the preparatory step that links glycolysis to the TCA cycle. The actual TCA cycle enzymes include malate dehydrogenase (A), isocitrate dehydrogenase (C), and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (D and E), all of which directly catalyze reactions within the cycle. PDC operates upstream of the TCA cycle and is considered part of pyruvate oxidation, not the cycle itself.
NET ATP (only ATP) gained from the conversion of Glucose to Acetyl-CoA?
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) 2.
The conversion of glucose to Acetyl-CoA involves two stages — glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis produces a net of 2 ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation (2 ATP consumed in the investment phase, 4 ATP produced in the payoff phase). The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction that converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA produces no ATP directly — it generates NADH and CO₂ but no substrate-level phosphorylation. Therefore, the net ATP gained from glucose to Acetyl-CoA is 2 ATP — derived entirely from glycolysis.
In glycolysis the conversion of phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate is catalyzed by:
- Pyruvate Kinase
- Phosphoglycerate Mutase
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
- Phosphoglycerate Kinase
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Pyruvate Kinase.
Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the final and irreversible step of glycolysis — the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, generating pyruvate and ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. This is one of the three irreversible reactions of glycolysis. Phosphoglycerate mutase interconverts 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycerate, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA (outside glycolysis), and Phosphoglycerate Kinase converts 1,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate.
Among two different types of bonds shown in the figure below, what type of bond is present in sucrose (Table sugar)?
- α-1,2-bond
- β-1,4-bond
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) α-1,2-bond
Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked together by an α-1,2-glycosidic bond. This bond forms between the anomeric carbon (C1) of α-glucose and the anomeric carbon (C2) of β-fructose. This linkage is unique because it involves both anomeric carbons of the two monosaccharides, making sucrose a non-reducing sugar — it has no free anomeric carbon available to act as a reducing agent.
Nucleotides in DNA are linked together by:
- Phosphodiester bonds
- Peptide bonds
- Glycosidic bonds
- Hydrogen bonds
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Phosphodiester bonds.
Nucleotides in DNA are covalently linked by phosphodiester bonds, which form between the 3'-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide's sugar and the 5'-phosphate group of the next nucleotide, creating the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA strand. Peptide bonds link amino acids in proteins, glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides in carbohydrates, and hydrogen bonds hold the two complementary DNA strands together between base pairs — but they do not link nucleotides within the same strand.
Which of the following is responsible for donating electrons and protons to oxygen to form water in the ETC complex?
- Complex I
- Complex II
- Complex III
- Complex IV
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Complex IV.
Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain and is solely responsible for the reduction of molecular oxygen (O₂) to water (H₂O). It accepts electrons from cytochrome c and combines them with protons (H⁺) from the matrix and molecular oxygen to form water. This is the terminal reaction of the ETC: 4e⁻ + 4H⁺ + O₂ → 2H₂O. Complexes I, II, and III transfer electrons but do not directly reduce oxygen to water.
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