PNR 105 Foundations of Nursing
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Free PNR 105 Foundations of Nursing Questions
A nurse is assessing a patient with suspected electrolyte imbalance. Which signs and symptoms are consistent with hypokalemia?
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Weight gain, bounding pulse, and edema
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Weakness, muscle cramps, heart palpitations, and digestive problems
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Confusion, tremors, and hyperactive reflexes
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Flushed skin, high fever, and increased thirst
Explanation
Hypokalemia (low potassium) presents with a wide range of symptoms due to its critical role in muscle and nerve function. Findings include weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, stiffness, tingling, and numbness. It may also cause digestive problems such as constipation, mood changes like irritability, heart palpitations from arrhythmias, and even breathing difficulties when respiratory muscles are affected. These symptoms require immediate evaluation and correction of potassium levels.
A nurse is preparing a diabetic patient for a diagnostic procedure using iodine-based contrast. Which medication should be withheld before the procedure?
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Insulin glargine (Lantus)
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Metformin
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Glipizide
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Pioglitazone
Explanation
Metformin should be stopped prior to procedures involving iodine-based contrast because the combination can increase the risk of lactic acidosis, especially in patients with reduced kidney function. Contrast dye may temporarily impair renal clearance, leading to accumulation of metformin. The drug is usually withheld on the day of the procedure and restarted only after renal function is confirmed to be stable.
A nurse is teaching a group of students about the effects of aging on the respiratory system. Which change is expected in an older adult?
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Increased elasticity of lung tissue
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Airway cilia experience impairment
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Alveolar membrane becomes thinner
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Greater respiratory reserve is available
Explanation
With aging, the airway cilia become less effective in clearing mucus and foreign particles from the respiratory tract. This impairment compromises pulmonary defense mechanisms, increasing the risk of infection and reducing secretion clearance. Other age-related respiratory changes include decreased elasticity, loss of elastic recoil, thickened alveolar membranes, and reduced respiratory reserve, all contributing to less efficient ventilation and gas exchange in older adults.
A nurse is attending a cultural competence seminar and hears the term ethnocentrism. How should the nurse understand this concept?
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The belief that all cultures are equally valid and should be respected
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The belief that one’s own cultural group determines the standards by which other groups’ behavior should be judged
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The ability to adapt to different cultural practices without judgment
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The process of blending aspects of multiple cultures into one’s lifestyle
Explanation
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior and that its values, customs, and practices are the standard for judging other cultures. This viewpoint can create bias, prejudice, and misunderstandings in healthcare settings. Recognizing ethnocentrism helps nurses avoid imposing personal cultural norms on patients, instead fostering cultural sensitivity and delivering care that respects diverse beliefs and practices
What is the best assessment technique to use to determine if you should suction a patient with a tracheotomy?
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Observe for restlessness
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Check oxygen saturation
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Auscultate the lungs
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Ask the patient if suctioning is needed
Explanation
The most reliable assessment technique to determine if suctioning is required is auscultating the lungs. Listening for adventitious breath sounds such as rhonchi or gurgling indicates the presence of secretions that need removal. While changes in oxygen saturation or patient behavior may suggest hypoxia, lung auscultation provides direct evidence of secretion buildup and the need for suctioning.
A nurse is reviewing arterial blood gas (ABG) results and clinical symptoms for a patient with suspected respiratory alkalosis. Which findings would the nurse expect?
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pH less than 7.35, PaCO₂ greater than 45 mm Hg, bradypnea, lethargy
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pH greater than 7.45, PaCO₂ less than 35 mm Hg, hyperventilation, confusion, lightheadedness
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pH 7.35–7.45, PaCO₂ 35–45 mm Hg, normal respirations, stable mentation
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pH less than 7.35, PaCO₂ less than 35 mm Hg, tachypnea, drowsiness
Explanation
Respiratory alkalosis occurs when hyperventilation, often caused by anxiety or pain, leads to excessive exhalation of carbon dioxide. This reduces PaCO₂ below 35 mm Hg and raises blood pH above 7.45. Clinical signs include hyperventilation, confusion, and lightheadedness due to cerebral vasoconstriction from low CO₂ levels. Recognizing these findings helps guide interventions such as encouraging slow, controlled breathing.
A nurse is preparing to insert a urinary catheter for an older male patient who has a large abdominal dressing in place. Which type of catheter would be most appropriate?
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Suprapubic catheter
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Straight catheter
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Condom catheter
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Indwelling Foley catheter
Explanation
For an older male patient with an abdominal dressing, a condom catheter is the best option because it is external, non-invasive, and avoids disturbing the abdominal site. It reduces the risk of infection compared to an indwelling catheter and provides a safe way to manage urine collection without interfering with wound care or applying additional pressure to the abdomen.
A nurse teaches the client about the prescribed buccal medication. Which statement by the client indicates teaching by the nurse is successful?
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"I can only drink water, not juice, with this medication."
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"I will place the medication in the same location."
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"I better chew my medication first for faster distribution."
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"I should let the medication dissolve completely."
Explanation
Buccal medications are placed between the gum and cheek, where they dissolve and are absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the oral mucosa. The client should not chew, swallow, or move the medication but allow it to dissolve completely to ensure proper absorption and therapeutic effect.
A nurse is teaching a patient about different types of surgical procedures. How should the nurse describe exploratory surgery?
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Surgery done to permanently treat a known condition
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Surgery done strictly for cosmetic purposes
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Surgery done to provide further data and determine a diagnosis for a problem
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Surgery done only to relieve symptoms without curing the disease
Explanation
Exploratory surgery is performed when the cause of a patient’s symptoms is unclear and further information is needed for diagnosis. It allows direct visualization and assessment of internal structures, often leading to identification of disease processes such as tumors, infections, or internal bleeding. Unlike curative or palliative surgery, the primary purpose is diagnostic rather than treatment-focused.
When you collect a sputum specimen, what do you do first?
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Offer the client a tissue to cough into
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Rinse the mouth with water
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Have the client take several shallow breaths
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Instruct the client to cough deeply into the container
Explanation
Before collecting a sputum specimen, the client should rinse the mouth with water to remove food particles, saliva, and oral bacteria. This step prevents contamination and ensures the specimen collected is truly from the lower respiratory tract. A clean specimen increases the accuracy of laboratory results for diagnosing infection or other pulmonary conditions.
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