PNR 105 Foundations of Nursing

PNR 105 Foundations of Nursing

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Free PNR 105 Foundations of Nursing Questions

1. A nurse is caring for a patient who has just returned from a bronchoscopy. What precaution should the nurse take to protect the patient?
  • Encourage fluids immediately to clear secretions
  • Have the patient not eat or drink for 2 hours or until the gag reflex returns
  • Position the patient flat to promote airway rest
  • Provide a regular diet as soon as the patient is awake

Explanation

After bronchoscopy, the throat and gag reflex are temporarily suppressed due to local anesthesia. Allowing the patient to eat or drink before the gag reflex returns increases the risk of aspiration. The nurse should keep the patient NPO for about 2 hours or until the gag reflex is confirmed to have returned, ensuring airway protection and patient safety.
2. A nurse is providing dietary teaching to a patient recently diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Which recommendation is most appropriate?
  • Eliminate all carbohydrates from the diet
  • Reduce sodium and fat intake, and eat carbohydrates in moderate amounts
  • Follow a high-fat, low-fiber diet for better glucose control
  • Eat sweets freely as long as insulin is taken

Explanation

For diabetic patients, dietary management focuses on controlling blood glucose while reducing cardiovascular risks. Carbohydrates should not be eliminated but consumed in moderate amounts with attention to portion control and balance across meals. Reducing sodium and fat helps lower the risk of hypertension and heart disease, common complications in diabetes. A balanced, heart-healthy diet is key to long-term management.
3. Which change occurs in the respiratory system of an older person?
  • Increased elasticity of lung tissue
  • Airway cilia experience impairment
  • Alveolar membrane becomes thinner
  • Greater respiratory reserve is available

Explanation

With aging, the airway cilia become less effective in clearing mucus and foreign particles from the respiratory tract. This impairment compromises pulmonary defense mechanisms, leading to a higher risk of infections and reduced clearance of secretions.
4. A nurse is reviewing dietary preferences with a patient who follows a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. Which foods would be included in this diet?
  • Plant foods only, with no animal products
  • Dairy products, eggs, and plant foods
  • Fish, poultry, and plant foods
  • Dairy products, poultry, and plant foods

Explanation

Lacto-ovo-vegetarians consume plant-based foods along with dairy products and eggs but exclude meat, poultry, and fish. This diet provides protein through eggs and dairy while still emphasizing plant-based nutrition. It allows for a wide variety of nutrients and is considered more flexible than a vegan diet, making it easier to meet protein and calcium requirements without relying on animal flesh.
5. If you see a patient walking to the bathroom without their oxygen on, what do you do?
  • Immediately place the oxygen back on without explanation
  • Ask the patient if there is something wrong
  • Call the provider to report noncompliance
  • Restrict the patient from walking to the bathroom

Explanation

When a patient is not wearing prescribed oxygen, the nurse should first ask if something is wrong. The patient may be uncomfortable with the device, unable to tolerate it, or experiencing side effects. Exploring the reason allows the nurse to educate, adjust the delivery method if needed, and promote safe oxygen use rather than assuming noncompliance or restricting mobility.
6. A nurse is assessing a patient with frequent diarrhea. Which finding would be the greatest concern and require prompt intervention?
  • Dehydration
  • Decreased skin turgor
  • Dry mucous membranes with thick saliva
  • Increased thirst

Explanation

The most concerning complication of diarrhea is dehydration, which can quickly develop due to excessive fluid loss. Dehydration can lead to electrolyte imbalance, hypovolemia, and impaired organ function if not corrected promptly. While decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, and increased thirst are all signs of dehydration, the overall condition of dehydration itself represents the most urgent clinical concern requiring immediate management.
7. A nurse is assessing a postoperative patient for urinary retention. At what urine output level would the nurse anticipate the need for insertion of a Foley catheter?
  • Less than 10 mL/hr
  • Less than 20 mL/hr
  • Less than 30 mL/hr
  • Less than 50 mL/hr

Explanation

Urine output of less than 30 mL/hr is considered inadequate and may indicate urinary retention, dehydration, or impaired renal perfusion. In such cases, the nurse may anticipate the need for Foley catheter insertion to closely monitor urinary output and relieve retention. Consistent urine output below this threshold requires prompt assessment and intervention to prevent complications such as acute kidney injury.
8. A nurse is preparing to collect a stool specimen for ova and parasite testing. Which equipment is required?
  • Clean bedpan, sterile gloves, and urine cup
  • Wooden tongue blade, ova and parasite specimen container, and biohazard bag
  • Sterile catheter kit, specimen cup, and alcohol swabs
  • Collection hat, sterile cup, and gauze pads

Explanation

When collecting stool for ova and parasite examination, the correct equipment includes a wooden tongue blade to transfer the stool, a special specimen container designed for ova and parasite testing (often with preservative), and a biohazard bag for safe transport. Using the correct tools ensures specimen integrity, prevents contamination, and maintains safety standards during collection and handling.
9. A nurse is providing dietary teaching to a patient with a new colostomy. The nurse explains that which foods can increase the risk of obstruction in a colostomy?
  • Bananas, rice, and applesauce
  • Popcorn, nuts, coconut, and raw fruits with seeds
  • White bread, eggs, and lean chicken
  • Yogurt, oatmeal, and cooked carrots

Explanation

Certain foods are difficult to digest and may increase the risk of blockage in a colostomy. These include popcorn, Chinese vegetables, raw fruits, pineapple, kernel corn, celery, tomatoes, nuts, coconuts, fruits with seeds, tough meats, shrimp, and lobster. Such foods can lodge in the stoma opening, obstructing output. Patients should be taught to avoid or carefully chew these foods to reduce the risk of complications.
10. A nurse is attending a workshop on providing culturally competent care. How is cultural sensitivity best defined?
  • Learning only the language of another culture to improve communication
  • Avoiding all discussions about cultural beliefs with patients
  • The ability to engage and communicate with an individual from another culture in a manner that demonstrates respect for their cultural norms and beliefs
  • Expecting patients to adapt fully to the nurse’s cultural practices

Explanation

Cultural sensitivity means being aware of and respectful toward cultural differences, values, and practices when interacting with others. It requires effective communication that acknowledges and honors cultural norms rather than imposing one’s own. By practicing cultural sensitivity, nurses build trust, reduce misunderstandings, and deliver care that is inclusive and supportive of diverse cultural backgrounds.

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