Nursing Fundamentals Comprehensive Final Exam at Fox Valley Technical College
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Free Nursing Fundamentals Comprehensive Final Exam at Fox Valley Technical College Questions
An 89-year-old client is worried because she does not have a bowel movement every day. Which statement by the nurse reflects the best understanding of defecation patterns?
- A "A bowel movement each day is the normal pattern for most people. We will ask for a laxative order for you."
- B "The number of bowel movements per week varies greatly. For some people, it can be quite normal to have only two or three bowel movements per week."
- C "You just need to eat more fiber to stimulate daily bowel movements. Can I get you some prunes?"
- D "You shouldn't worry until you have gone at least five days without a bowel movement."
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: B. "The number of bowel movements per week varies greatly. For some people, it can be quite normal to have only two or three bowel movements per week."
This response provides reassurance and accurate education about normal bowel patterns. Defecation frequency varies widely among individuals, especially older adults, and having a bowel movement every day is not required for healthy function. This explanation reduces anxiety while preventing unnecessary laxative use. It also respects age-related changes in GI motility and promotes realistic expectations about normal bowel habits.
A client on your unit is deteriorating, but remains alert and oriented. Three days after admission, you notice he seems depressed. He tells you, "I'm tired of being sick. I wish I could end it all." What is the most accurate way to document or record this data?
- A Client states, "I'm tired of being sick. I wish I could end it all."
- B Complains he is tired of being ill and wants to die.
- C Does not want to live any longer because he is sick of being ill.
- D Appears to be depressed, possibly suicidal.
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: A. Client states, "I'm tired of being sick. I wish I could end it all."
This is the most accurate documentation because it uses the client's exact words without interpretation or modification. Objective charting requires verbatim quotes when a client expresses suicidal thoughts. Recording the statement precisely ensures that the healthcare team receives clear, factual, and legally sound information for immediate safety planning and intervention.
Which of the following approaches is essential when delivering culturally sensitive care?
- A A nonjudgmental attitude.
- B Detailed and complete knowledge of the client's culture
- C Fluency in the client's native language
- D Technical skill competence
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: A. A nonjudgmental attitude.
A nonjudgmental attitude is essential because it allows the nurse to approach clients with openness, respect, and cultural humility. This attitude supports therapeutic communication, reduces bias, and creates an environment in which clients feel comfortable expressing their beliefs and needs. Cultural sensitivity does not require mastery of every culture—it requires respect, curiosity, and the willingness to understand each client without imposing assumptions.
The client with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) tells the nurse, "I can feel the congestion in my lungs, and I cough a lot but I can't seem to bring anything up as my secretions are so thick." Which of the following actions should the nurse take to help the client to be able to eliminate/expectorate the tenacious (thick) bronchial secretions?
- A Maintain a semi - Fowler's position as much as possible
- B Administering oxygen via nasal cannula at 2L per minute
- C Helping the client select a low-salt diet
- D Encouraging the client to drink eight to ten 8-ounce glasses of water a day
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: D. Encouraging the client to drink eight to ten 8-ounce glasses of water a day.
Increasing fluid intake is the most effective action to thin thick bronchial secretions, making them easier to expectorate. Adequate hydration decreases mucus viscosity, improves airway clearance, reduces coughing effort, and supports better ventilation in COPD clients. Fluids directly target the cause of the problem—thick mucus—allowing the client to cough more productively and improve overall respiratory function.
A client with a history of vitamin D deficiency who is complaining of palpitations, irritability, numbness and tingling in the hands, toes and lips, restlessness and confusion. The client has a positive Chvostek's sign. This client is most likely experiencing
- A Hypocalcemia
- B Hypernatremia
- C Hypokalemia
- D Hyperchloremia
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: A. Hypocalcemia.
A positive Chvostek’s sign, combined with numbness, tingling, irritability, confusion, and neuromuscular excitability, is classic for hypocalcemia. Vitamin D deficiency further supports this diagnosis because Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption. Low calcium levels cause muscle spasms, paresthesias, and increased neuromuscular irritability, explaining the client’s symptoms. Hypocalcemia affects cardiac conduction as well, contributing to palpitations and neurological disturbances.
The client you are caring for has had a pressure injury for a while. The pressure injury had been all the way through the skin and subcutaneous tissues with the coccyx visible. Today’s assessment shows a shallow crater that is partially through the skin with a pink-red wound bed. The correct staging for this pressure injury is:
- A Stage II pressure injury
- B Stage IV pressure injury
- C Healing stage IV pressure injury
- D Healing stage II pressure injury
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: C. Healing stage IV pressure injury.
Pressure injuries are never re-staged to a lower stage as they heal. A wound that originally exposed bone (Stage IV) remains a “Healing Stage IV pressure injury” even if it now appears more superficial. The wound’s original deepest stage determines its permanent classification. The current pink, shallow crater reflects healing, but the injury does not become a Stage II.
The parents of an adolescent client recovering from a crushed pelvis are concerned about the client’s lack of interest in music, television, or friends. What is the best response the nurse can make?
- A "I will inform his health care provider and see if we can get an antidepressant for your son."
- B "He is at a critical point of development where teens are often moody and being in the hospital will only make this worse."
- C "Your son had a major injury; and his immobility may be causing him to feel isolated and down."
- D "He is bored after 3 weeks in the hospital; I'll find some new activities for him to do."
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: C. "Your son had a major injury; and his immobility may be causing him to feel isolated and down."
This response acknowledges both the physical and emotional impact of the injury without dismissing or minimizing the parents’ concerns. Immobility, hospitalization, and pain often lead to feelings of isolation, sadness, or decreased interest in usual activities—especially in adolescents. This therapeutic response provides empathy, validates concerns, and opens the door for further assessment without making assumptions or offering inappropriate solutions.
A nurse is preparing a presentation on healthy nutrition for a group of adults. Which of the following would be correct to include: (Select all that apply – You will choose 4 of the 8 options)
- A "Carbohydrates should be your main source of energy as the body digests them more easily and quickly than proteins or lipids."
- B "You should try to eat about the same amount of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in a day."
- C "If you are vegetarian, you will be getting plenty of complete proteins in your diet."
- D "Fiber helps prevent constipation, helps you feel full longer so prevents overeating and it can help prevent some condition like diverticulosis or diabetes ."
- E "Proteins help us move, build and repair body tissue, function in the immune system and act as enzymes."
- F "Protein is found in very few body tissues so you don't need to eat it every day."
- G "Lipids are needed in very limited amounts and all forms of them will cause heart disease so use care when eating them."
- H "Lipids are needed to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins, provide essential fatty acids, help us maintain our body temperature and help form some hormones."
Explanation
The Correct Answers are:
A. "Carbohydrates should be your main source of energy as the body digests them more easily and quickly than proteins or lipids."
D. "Fiber helps prevent constipation, helps you feel full longer so prevents overeating and it can help prevent some condition like diverticulosis or diabetes."
E. "Proteins help us move, build and repair body tissue, function in the immune system and act as enzymes."
H. "Lipids are needed to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins, provide essential fatty acids, help us maintain our body temperature and help form some hormones."
A. "Carbohydrates should be your main source of energy as the body digests them more easily and quickly than proteins or lipids."
Carbohydrates are the body’s preferred energy source because they break down quickly into glucose. They fuel the brain, muscles, and organs and are more efficiently used for energy than proteins or fats. A healthy diet typically includes carbohydrates as the major energy-providing nutrient, ideally from high-fiber, whole-food sources. D. "Fiber helps prevent constipation, helps you feel full longer so prevents overeating and it can help prevent some condition like diverticulosis or diabetes."
Fiber adds bulk to stool to prevent constipation, helps stabilize blood sugar, and promotes satiety, reducing overeating. It also lowers cholesterol and reduces the risk of diverticulosis. Adequate fiber is a key component of a healthy diet and supports both digestive and metabolic health.
E. "Proteins help us move, build and repair body tissue, function in the immune system and act as enzymes."
Proteins are essential structural and functional molecules. They repair tissues, build muscle, form antibodies, create enzymes and hormones, and support immune functioning. Without daily protein intake, muscle loss, poor healing, and immune compromise may occur.
H. "Lipids are needed to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins, provide essential fatty acids, help us maintain our body temperature and help form some hormones."
Lipids are crucial for absorbing vitamins A, D, E, and K. They provide essential fatty acids that the body cannot produce, help regulate temperature by providing insulation, and form the basis of many hormones. Lipids support brain function, cell structure, and overall health when consumed in proper amounts.
Unless complications develop, you know the wound will heal by:
- A Primary intention
- B Secondary intention
- C Delayed closure
- D Tertiary intention
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: A. Primary intention.
The image shows a wound that has been surgically closed with sutures. Wounds that are clean, have minimal tissue loss, and are well-approximated (edges brought together) heal by primary intention. This method promotes faster healing, minimal scarring, and lower risk of infection. Surgical incisions with sutures, staples, or adhesive strips are classic examples of wounds healing by primary intention.
The student nurse asks the provider if she will prescribe an indwelling urinary catheter for a hospitalized client who is incontinent at times and doesn't like to get up to go to the bathroom. The provider explains that catheters should be utilized only when absolutely necessary because:
- A Insertion is painful for most clients and she should be getting up to the bathroom anyway as it will keep her mobile
- B They are very difficult to insert as most people have a hard time maintaining clean technique during insertion
- C They are the leading cause of health care associated infection so there are strict criteria for when they are used
- D They cause the bladder to always forget the process for micturition so once inserted will need to stay in
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: C. They are the leading cause of health care associated infection so there are strict criteria for when they are used.
Indwelling urinary catheters are the number one cause of healthcare-associated infections, specifically catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Because of this high risk, facilities follow strict guidelines for insertion and maintenance. To protect patients, catheters should only be used when absolutely necessary—such as for urinary retention, accurate output measurement in critically ill clients, or during certain surgeries—not for convenience or incontinence alone.
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