Nursing Fundamentals Comprehensive Final Exam at Fox Valley Technical College
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Free Nursing Fundamentals Comprehensive Final Exam at Fox Valley Technical College Questions
1.
You are caring for a client who is being treated for acute sepsis. The family is concerned as normally the client is alert and oriented, but today the client is confused and just not themselves. You educate the family that when clients have conditions like an infection or metabolic disturbances such as low oxygen levels, they can have a condition called:
- A A chronic, progressive disease
- B Delirium
- C A very concerning sign that death may be approaching
- D An acute reversible state
- E Dementia
Explanation
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: B. Delirium.
Delirium is an acute, reversible condition characterized by sudden confusion, disorientation, and changes in behavior. It is commonly triggered by infection, metabolic imbalance, hypoxia, or sepsis. The client transitioning quickly from alert to confused is classic for delirium. With proper treatment of the underlying cause, symptoms often improve or resolve, making delirium the correct and most accurate answer.
The Correct Answer is: B. Delirium.
Delirium is an acute, reversible condition characterized by sudden confusion, disorientation, and changes in behavior. It is commonly triggered by infection, metabolic imbalance, hypoxia, or sepsis. The client transitioning quickly from alert to confused is classic for delirium. With proper treatment of the underlying cause, symptoms often improve or resolve, making delirium the correct and most accurate answer.
2.
The benefits of exercise include which of the following?
- A Decreased respiratory movement, constipation, increased metabolic rate, and postural hypotension.
- B Decreased urinary stasis, decreased metabolic rate, improved joint mobility, and improved appetite.
- C Diminished cardiac reserve, constipation, improved muscle size and tone, and improved tolerance of stress.
- D Maintenance of bone density, increased ventilation, increased metabolic rate, and improved circulation.
Explanation
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: D. Maintenance of bone density, increased ventilation, increased metabolic rate, and improved circulation.
Exercise strengthens bones, improves cardiopulmonary efficiency, enhances circulation, and increases metabolic rate. Weight-bearing activity helps maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis. Physical activity also improves ventilation, enhances oxygen delivery, and supports better overall cardiovascular health. These combined effects make option D the correct collection of exercise benefits.
The Correct Answer is: D. Maintenance of bone density, increased ventilation, increased metabolic rate, and improved circulation.
Exercise strengthens bones, improves cardiopulmonary efficiency, enhances circulation, and increases metabolic rate. Weight-bearing activity helps maintain bone density and prevent osteoporosis. Physical activity also improves ventilation, enhances oxygen delivery, and supports better overall cardiovascular health. These combined effects make option D the correct collection of exercise benefits.
3.
When should the nurse collect evaluation data for this outcome: The client will maintain a urine output of at least 30 mLs each hour.
- A At the end of the shift
- B Every 24 hours
- C Every 4 hours
- D Every hour
Explanation
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: D. Every hour.
The stated outcome requires the client to maintain at least 30 mL of urine output per hour. Because the outcome specifies an hourly minimum, the nurse must measure and evaluate urine output every hour to determine whether the goal is being met. Hourly monitoring is essential for assessing renal perfusion, fluid balance, and early signs of kidney compromise or shock.
The Correct Answer is: D. Every hour.
The stated outcome requires the client to maintain at least 30 mL of urine output per hour. Because the outcome specifies an hourly minimum, the nurse must measure and evaluate urine output every hour to determine whether the goal is being met. Hourly monitoring is essential for assessing renal perfusion, fluid balance, and early signs of kidney compromise or shock.
4.
When providing education to the family of a client with sensory disorders, which would be the most correct information for the nurse to provide?
- A As your family member has problems hearing, the only real option is for you all to learn sign language
- B Not being able to see is not a huge problem and all clients will cope well with sudden blindness like your mother experienced
- C With lack of the ability to smell like your father has, you should make sure the home has functioning smoke detectors on all levels, as well as dating leftovers
- D As your grandfather has impaired sense of touch, you will want to make sure to face him while talking to him and allow him plenty of time to respond
Explanation
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: C. With lack of the ability to smell like your father has, you should make sure the home has functioning smoke detectors on all levels, as well as dating leftovers.
Clients with anosmia (loss of smell) are at increased risk because they cannot detect smoke, gas leaks, or spoiled food. Educating families on ensuring working smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, and careful monitoring of food safety is accurate, practical, and focused on real safety concerns. This advice prevents accidental harm and supports safe living conditions for someone with impaired smell.
The Correct Answer is: C. With lack of the ability to smell like your father has, you should make sure the home has functioning smoke detectors on all levels, as well as dating leftovers.
Clients with anosmia (loss of smell) are at increased risk because they cannot detect smoke, gas leaks, or spoiled food. Educating families on ensuring working smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, and careful monitoring of food safety is accurate, practical, and focused on real safety concerns. This advice prevents accidental harm and supports safe living conditions for someone with impaired smell.
5.
You are providing care for a client admitted with a seizure disorder. Which are appropriate interventions to include on the care plan? (Select all that apply – you will choose 3 of the 6 options)
- A When family is present, it is OK for the bed to be elevated and all the side rails down
- B The bed should stay in low position, side rails should be elevated and pads applied to the bedrails, head board and foot board.
- C If you are with the client when he has a seizure, insert a tongue depressor and leave for help and send the nursing assistive personnel in to monitor the client
- D If you are with the client when he has a seizure, make a note of the time, loosen restrictive clothing, turn on the side and monitor characteristics of the seizure
- E When seizure ends, if not already done, turn on side, reorient as needed, stay with client as he may be confused, sleepy, provide hygiene as needed
- F When seizure ends allow the client to get up as desired and tell him he can eat or drink anything he wants
Explanation
Explanation
The Correct Answers are:
B. The bed should stay in low position, side rails should be elevated and pads applied to the bedrails, head board and foot board.
D. If you are with the client when he has a seizure, make a note of the time, loosen restrictive clothing, turn on the side and monitor characteristics of the seizure.
E. When seizure ends, if not already done, turn on side, reorient as needed, stay with client as he may be confused, sleepy, provide hygiene as needed.
B. The bed should stay in low position, side rails should be elevated and pads applied to the bedrails, head board and foot board.
This intervention ensures safety and prevents injury if a seizure occurs. Keeping the bed low reduces fall risk, and padded rails prevent trauma to the head and limbs during uncontrolled movements. This is standard seizure precaution care.
D. If you are with the client when he has a seizure, make a note of the time, loosen restrictive clothing, turn on the side and monitor characteristics of the seizure.
These are essential actions during an active seizure. Timing the event helps determine if it becomes an emergency. Turning the client on their side protects the airway and prevents aspiration. Loosening tight clothing improves breathing, and observing characteristics helps guide treatment decisions. E. When seizure ends, if not already done, turn on side, reorient as needed, stay with client as he may be confused, sleepy, provide hygiene as needed.
During the postictal phase, clients often experience confusion, fatigue, and loss of bowel or bladder control. Staying with the client maintains safety, prevents falls, and supports reorientation. Side positioning continues to protect the airway.
The Correct Answers are:
B. The bed should stay in low position, side rails should be elevated and pads applied to the bedrails, head board and foot board.
D. If you are with the client when he has a seizure, make a note of the time, loosen restrictive clothing, turn on the side and monitor characteristics of the seizure.
E. When seizure ends, if not already done, turn on side, reorient as needed, stay with client as he may be confused, sleepy, provide hygiene as needed.
B. The bed should stay in low position, side rails should be elevated and pads applied to the bedrails, head board and foot board.
This intervention ensures safety and prevents injury if a seizure occurs. Keeping the bed low reduces fall risk, and padded rails prevent trauma to the head and limbs during uncontrolled movements. This is standard seizure precaution care.
D. If you are with the client when he has a seizure, make a note of the time, loosen restrictive clothing, turn on the side and monitor characteristics of the seizure.
These are essential actions during an active seizure. Timing the event helps determine if it becomes an emergency. Turning the client on their side protects the airway and prevents aspiration. Loosening tight clothing improves breathing, and observing characteristics helps guide treatment decisions. E. When seizure ends, if not already done, turn on side, reorient as needed, stay with client as he may be confused, sleepy, provide hygiene as needed.
During the postictal phase, clients often experience confusion, fatigue, and loss of bowel or bladder control. Staying with the client maintains safety, prevents falls, and supports reorientation. Side positioning continues to protect the airway.
6.
What are some strategies a new nurse can use to develop skills in achieving cultural competence? (Select all that apply – you will choose 2 of the 4 options)
- A Read the literature and study nursing theories and principles pertaining to culture
- B Take advantage of as many opportunities as possible to interact with persons from diverse cultures
- C Recognize that persons from different cultures have different healthcare practices but for safety purposes, need to follow the same nursing plan of care for all people
- D Understand all the practices of all cultures worldwide so he can choose the best interventions
Explanation
Explanation
The Correct Answers are:
A. Read the literature and study nursing theories and principles pertaining to culture
B. Take advantage of as many opportunities as possible to interact with persons from diverse cultures
A. Read the literature and study nursing theories and principles pertaining to culture
Reading and studying culturally relevant theories helps nurses understand how cultural beliefs influence health behaviors, decision-making, communication styles, and expectations in healthcare. This foundational knowledge strengthens the nurse’s ability to assess, interpret, and respond to culturally diverse needs. It builds awareness, reduces bias, and equips the nurse to deliver culturally sensitive and individualized care. B. Take advantage of as many opportunities as possible to interact with persons from diverse cultures
Direct interaction with culturally diverse individuals helps nurses gain real-world experience, improve communication skills, and develop cultural humility. Exposure to different beliefs, practices, and perspectives enhances understanding and reduces assumptions. These practical encounters help the nurse build confidence, empathy, and respect for cultural differences in patient care.
The Correct Answers are:
A. Read the literature and study nursing theories and principles pertaining to culture
B. Take advantage of as many opportunities as possible to interact with persons from diverse cultures
A. Read the literature and study nursing theories and principles pertaining to culture
Reading and studying culturally relevant theories helps nurses understand how cultural beliefs influence health behaviors, decision-making, communication styles, and expectations in healthcare. This foundational knowledge strengthens the nurse’s ability to assess, interpret, and respond to culturally diverse needs. It builds awareness, reduces bias, and equips the nurse to deliver culturally sensitive and individualized care. B. Take advantage of as many opportunities as possible to interact with persons from diverse cultures
Direct interaction with culturally diverse individuals helps nurses gain real-world experience, improve communication skills, and develop cultural humility. Exposure to different beliefs, practices, and perspectives enhances understanding and reduces assumptions. These practical encounters help the nurse build confidence, empathy, and respect for cultural differences in patient care.
7.
A nurse who functions in the role of client advocate:
- A Makes decisions for the client
- B Provides in-depth client counseling for personal problems
- C Supports the client's decisions
- D Shares his or her own personal opinion with the client
Explanation
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: C. Supports the client's decisions.
Client advocacy means protecting the client's rights, ensuring their wishes are respected, and supporting them in making informed decisions. The nurse advocates by providing information, clarifying choices, and standing up for the client’s expressed preferences—even if they differ from the nurse’s own views. Advocacy empowers the client rather than directing or influencing their choices.
The Correct Answer is: C. Supports the client's decisions.
Client advocacy means protecting the client's rights, ensuring their wishes are respected, and supporting them in making informed decisions. The nurse advocates by providing information, clarifying choices, and standing up for the client’s expressed preferences—even if they differ from the nurse’s own views. Advocacy empowers the client rather than directing or influencing their choices.
8.
Which aspect of restraint use can the nurse delegate to the nursing assistive personnel?
- A Assessing the client's status
- B Applying and removing the restraints
- C Evaluating the client's response to restraints
- D Determining the need for restraint
Explanation
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: B. Applying and removing the restraints.
Nursing assistive personnel may apply or remove restraints only after the nurse has completed the assessment, determined the need, obtained an order, and provided clear instructions. This task is considered a technical skill rather than a nursing judgment. Delegating application and removal supports workflow while maintaining safety, as the nurse continues to hold responsibility for monitoring, evaluating, and documenting the client’s condition.
The Correct Answer is: B. Applying and removing the restraints.
Nursing assistive personnel may apply or remove restraints only after the nurse has completed the assessment, determined the need, obtained an order, and provided clear instructions. This task is considered a technical skill rather than a nursing judgment. Delegating application and removal supports workflow while maintaining safety, as the nurse continues to hold responsibility for monitoring, evaluating, and documenting the client’s condition.
9.
Which of the following is most clearly a question of nursing ethics?
- A A client is unsure about the foods allowed on his low-fat diet and asks the nurse what he should eat.
- B At a party, a nurse overhears her colleagues laughing and talking about one of the clients on the nursing unit.
- C The nurses on the unit all agree to sign a petition stating they are not paid enough to compensate for the amount of responsibility they have.
- D The nurse values life and expects others to respect her values.
Explanation
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: B. At a party, a nurse overhears her colleagues laughing and talking about one of the clients on the nursing unit.
This situation is a clear violation of nursing ethics, specifically client confidentiality and professional behavior. Discussing a client in a public setting breaches HIPAA principles and violates the ethical duty to protect patient privacy. It also reflects disrespect and unprofessionalism. Addressing such behavior is central to nursing ethics, which focuses on confidentiality, respect, integrity, and safeguarding client dignity.
The Correct Answer is: B. At a party, a nurse overhears her colleagues laughing and talking about one of the clients on the nursing unit.
This situation is a clear violation of nursing ethics, specifically client confidentiality and professional behavior. Discussing a client in a public setting breaches HIPAA principles and violates the ethical duty to protect patient privacy. It also reflects disrespect and unprofessionalism. Addressing such behavior is central to nursing ethics, which focuses on confidentiality, respect, integrity, and safeguarding client dignity.
10.
Pain is a universal experience. Which of the following descriptions is most accurate related to pain and pain management?
- A Caregivers should attempt to delay the administration of pain medications to prevent drug dependence
- B Pain is always a sign a physiological problem exists.
- C Pain is highly subjective and is whatever the client states it is.
- D Verbal reports of pain are not sufficient cause for treatment.
Explanation
Explanation
The Correct Answer is: C. Pain is highly subjective and is whatever the client states it is.
Pain is defined by the client, not by objective findings. It is a subjective experience influenced by physical, psychological, cultural, and emotional factors. Because only the client can truly feel their pain, their self-report is the most accurate and reliable indicator. Effective pain management begins with accepting and respecting what the client says about their pain experience.
The Correct Answer is: C. Pain is highly subjective and is whatever the client states it is.
Pain is defined by the client, not by objective findings. It is a subjective experience influenced by physical, psychological, cultural, and emotional factors. Because only the client can truly feel their pain, their self-report is the most accurate and reliable indicator. Effective pain management begins with accepting and respecting what the client says about their pain experience.
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