C974 - Science Methods—Middle Grades General Science
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Free C974 - Science Methods—Middle Grades General Science Questions
A white solid is mixed with a clear liquid in a beaker. The mixture fizzes, turns green, and the beaker feels hot to the touch. What kind of change is occurring, and why?
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This is a physical change because the color changed, and color is a physical property
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This is a chemical change because new substances are being formed that have new physical properties
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This is a chemical change because an energy change is observed
Explanation
Explanation:
The observation of fizzing, a color change, and heat production indicates a chemical change. These signs show that new substances are being formed, and energy is being released during the reaction. Chemical changes result in a transformation of the original substances into products with different chemical and physical properties, which is evident in this experiment.
Correct Answer:
This is a chemical change because new substances are being formed that have new physical properties.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
This is a physical change because the color changed, and color is a physical property
This is incorrect because the formation of gas (fizzing) and heat release are indicators of a chemical change, not just a physical change.
This is a chemical change because an energy change is observed
This is partially correct but incomplete; the reaction also produces new substances, which is a critical characteristic of a chemical change.
Based on the experimental results, what can be inferred about the influence of temperature and agitation on how quickly a solid dissolves in a liquid?
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Higher temperature significantly enhances the rate of dissolution, while agitation has a minimal impact
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Both higher temperature and agitation equally contribute to the rate of dissolution
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Agitation alone is sufficient to increase the rate of dissolution, regardless of temperature
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Higher temperature and agitation both increase the rate of dissolution, but temperature plays a more critical role
Explanation
Explanation:
Both higher temperature and agitation increase the rate at which a solid dissolves in a liquid. Higher temperature provides particles with more kinetic energy, allowing solute particles to break apart faster. Agitation, such as stirring, helps distribute the solute and solvent more effectively. However, temperature generally has a more significant impact on the dissolution rate than agitation, making it the dominant factor.
Correct Answer:
Higher temperature and agitation both increase the rate of dissolution, but temperature plays a more critical role.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Higher temperature significantly enhances the rate of dissolution, while agitation has a minimal impact
This is incorrect because agitation does contribute to the dissolution rate, though less critically than temperature.
Both higher temperature and agitation equally contribute to the rate of dissolution
This is incorrect because temperature has a stronger influence than agitation on how quickly a solid dissolves.
Agitation alone is sufficient to increase the rate of dissolution, regardless of temperature
This is incorrect because agitation alone cannot overcome the kinetic limitations that lower temperatures impose on particle movement.
Which of the following statements regarding solutions is false?
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Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of substances
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In an aqueous solution, water is the solute
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Solvents are the dissolving agents of a solution.
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Solutes are the substances that are dissolved in a solution
Explanation
Explanation:
In a solution, the solute is the substance that is dissolved, and the solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. In aqueous solutions, water is typically the solvent, not the solute. The false statement here incorrectly identifies water as the solute. Homogeneous mixtures, solutes, and solvents are correctly described in the other statements.
Correct Answer:
In an aqueous solution, water is the solute.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of substances
This is correct and not false; solutions are uniform mixtures where the solute is evenly distributed throughout the solvent.
Solvents are the dissolving agents of a solution
This is correct because solvents dissolve solutes, allowing the formation of a solution.
Solutes are the substances that are dissolved in a solution
This is correct because solutes are the components that are dissolved by the solvent, forming a homogeneous mixture.
Why is data collection essential in the scientific method?
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To provide evidence for or against a hypothesis
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To make the experiment more complicated
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To ensure that the independent variable is constant
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To increase the number of variables in the experiment
Explanation
Explanation:
Data collection is essential because it provides evidence that supports or refutes a hypothesis. Accurate and systematic data allow scientists to analyze the relationship between variables, draw conclusions, and validate their findings. Without data, hypotheses cannot be tested or evaluated, and scientific inquiry would lack credibility.
Correct Answer:
To provide evidence for or against a hypothesis
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
To make the experiment more complicated
This is incorrect because the purpose of data collection is to gather evidence, not to complicate the experiment.
To ensure that the independent variable is constant
This is incorrect because the independent variable is intentionally changed, not kept constant; constants are maintained separately.
To increase the number of variables in the experiment
This is incorrect because introducing more variables would reduce the ability to isolate the effect of the independent variable and compromise the fairness of the test.
While observing various activities in her kitchen, Destiny identifies changes occurring around her. Which of the following scenarios illustrates a chemical change?
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Destiny's mother bakes a cake in the oven
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Destiny's brother freezes water to make ice cubes
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Destiny slices a loaf of bread.
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Destiny boils pasta in water
Explanation
Explanation:
Baking a cake is a chemical change because it involves a transformation where new substances are formed, such as the browning of the cake, the release of gases, and the changes in texture and flavor. These changes cannot be reversed simply, and the chemical composition of the ingredients is altered during baking. The other activities involve physical changes where no new substances are created.
Correct Answer:
Destiny's mother bakes a cake in the oven.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Destiny's brother freezes water to make ice cubes
This is incorrect because freezing is a physical change; water changes state from liquid to solid but remains chemically H₂O.
Destiny slices a loaf of bread
This is incorrect because cutting bread is a physical change; the substance itself remains the same despite its size or shape being altered.
Destiny boils pasta in water
This is incorrect because boiling is a physical change where water changes state from liquid to vapor; the pasta also softens but does not undergo a chemical transformation.
What is the period of the Earth's rotation around the sun?
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1 day
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1 hour
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1 month
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1 year
Explanation
Explanation:
The period of the Earth's rotation around the Sun refers to the time it takes to complete one full orbit, which is approximately one year or 365 days. This period defines the length of a calendar year and is distinct from the Earth’s rotation on its axis, which produces day and night every 24 hours. Shorter intervals like hours or months are not relevant to the Earth’s annual revolution.
Correct Answer:
1 year
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
1 day
This is incorrect because one day represents the Earth’s rotation on its axis, not its orbital period around the Sun.
1 hour
This is incorrect because an hour is a tiny fraction of the Earth’s rotation period and is unrelated to its yearly orbit.
1 month
This is incorrect because a month roughly corresponds to the Moon’s orbit around Earth, not the Earth’s revolution around the Sun.
In the context of an experiment, what does the dependent variable represent?
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The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
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The outcome that is measured to assess the effect of changes
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The conditions that are kept constant throughout the experiment
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The initial hypothesis being tested
Explanation
Explanation:
The dependent variable is the outcome measured in an experiment to determine the effect of changes in the independent variable. It responds to manipulation and provides data to test the hypothesis. By observing and recording changes in the dependent variable, researchers can analyze cause-and-effect relationships.
Correct Answer:
The outcome that is measured to assess the effect of changes
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
This is incorrect because the variable manipulated is the independent variable, not the dependent variable.
The conditions that are kept constant throughout the experiment
This is incorrect because constants are maintained to ensure fair testing, but they are not the dependent variable.
The initial hypothesis being tested
This is incorrect because the hypothesis is a prediction, not the variable being measured in the experiment.
The dome shape of the surface of water in a very full glass is an example of:
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cohesion
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adhesion
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polarity
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solvency
Explanation
Explanation:
The dome shape of water, also known as a meniscus, occurs due to cohesion—the attraction between molecules of the same substance. Water molecules stick to each other through hydrogen bonding, which allows the surface to bulge above the rim of the glass without spilling immediately. Adhesion, polarity, and solvency describe other properties of water but do not directly explain the dome shape phenomenon.
Correct Answer:
cohesion
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
adhesion
This is incorrect because adhesion refers to the attraction between different substances, such as water sticking to glass, which affects the shape at the edges but does not create the dome at the center.
polarity
This is incorrect because polarity refers to the distribution of electric charge within water molecules, which enables hydrogen bonding, but the dome shape specifically results from cohesion.
solvency
This is incorrect because solvency describes water’s ability to dissolve substances, which is unrelated to the dome-shaped surface.
What is the definition of a gene in the context of genetics?
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A variant form of a trait
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An instruction for making a protein molecule
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A type of mutation that alters protein function
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A segment of DNA that does not code for proteins
Explanation
Explanation:
A gene is a specific segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein or set of proteins. These proteins determine the traits and functions of an organism. Each gene provides the coding sequence necessary for the synthesis of proteins through transcription and translation, which are essential processes for growth, development, and overall cellular function.
Correct Answer:
An instruction for making a protein molecule
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
A variant form of a trait
This is incorrect because a variant form of a trait refers to an allele, not the gene itself. A gene is the actual sequence that encodes for proteins, while alleles are variations of that gene.
A type of mutation that alters protein function
This is incorrect because mutations are changes in DNA sequences, which may or may not affect a gene, but a gene is not defined by mutations.
A segment of DNA that does not code for proteins
This is incorrect because genes specifically include sequences that code for proteins; non-coding DNA regions are not considered genes.
What is the definition of frequency in the context of wave properties?
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The speed at which the wave travels through a medium
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The distance between two consecutive peaks of a wave
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The number of peaks of a wave that pass in a second
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The height of the wave from its rest position
Explanation
Explanation:
Frequency refers to the number of wave cycles (peaks) that pass a given point per second. It is measured in hertz (Hz) and indicates how often the wave oscillates in a given time period. Frequency is independent of the wave's amplitude or wavelength and is a key property in describing wave behavior, including sound and light waves.
Correct Answer:
The number of peaks of a wave that pass in a second
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
The speed at which the wave travels through a medium
This is incorrect because the speed is a separate property of a wave, calculated as wavelength multiplied by frequency, not the frequency itself.
The distance between two consecutive peaks of a wave
This is incorrect because the distance between peaks defines the wavelength, not the frequency.
The height of the wave from its rest position
This is incorrect because the height refers to the amplitude, which measures the energy of the wave, not its frequency.
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