Technology and Ethics: Emerging Trends and Society (D773)
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Free Technology and Ethics: Emerging Trends and Society (D773) Questions
What is a significant criticism of Act Utilitarianism regarding the predictability of outcomes?
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It relies too heavily on historical data for decision-making
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It assumes that all individuals will act in their own self-interest
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It cannot accurately predict consequences due to the influence of moral luck.
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It prioritizes individual rights over collective well-being
Explanation
Explanation:
Act Utilitarianism evaluates the morality of each action based on the specific consequences it produces. A key criticism is that accurately predicting those consequences is often impossible because of the unpredictable nature of future events and the role of moral luck—where outcomes can depend on factors beyond anyone’s control. Even well-intentioned actions can lead to unforeseen negative results, making moral assessments uncertain and potentially unreliable.
Correct Answer:
It cannot accurately predict consequences due to the influence of moral luck.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
It relies too heavily on historical data for decision-making.
Act Utilitarianism focuses on anticipating future consequences, not primarily on historical data, so this is not a central criticism.
It assumes that all individuals will act in their own self-interest.
This describes psychological egoism or a critique of human motivation, not the principle of Act Utilitarianism, which is about maximizing overall happiness, not assuming selfishness.
It prioritizes individual rights over collective well-being.
Act Utilitarianism is sometimes criticized for the opposite problem: it can sacrifice individual rights if doing so increases overall happiness, so this statement misrepresents the theory.
Which ethical framework emphasizes the importance of character and the development of virtues in guiding moral behavior?
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Deontological Ethics
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Virtue Theory
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Utilitarianism
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Social Contract Theory
Explanation
Explanation:
Virtue Theory, rooted in the philosophy of Aristotle, focuses on the cultivation of moral character rather than adherence to rules or the calculation of consequences. This framework holds that living a virtuous life—developing qualities such as courage, honesty, and temperance—leads to moral excellence and right action. Instead of asking, “What should I do?” virtue ethics asks, “What kind of person should I be?” emphasizing moral development and habitual good behavior as the foundation of ethical decision-making.
Correct Answer:
Virtue Theory
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Deontological Ethics
Deontological theories, such as those of Immanuel Kant, emphasize duties and adherence to universal moral rules, focusing on the morality of specific actions rather than the development of character.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism evaluates actions by their consequences and aims to maximize overall happiness or utility, not by cultivating virtues or personal character.
Social Contract Theory
Social Contract Theory centers on the agreements or rules that individuals form collectively to ensure social order and mutual benefit, focusing on societal structures rather than individual moral character.
What was a key contribution of Tim Berners-Lee to the World Wide Web?
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He developed the first search engine for the internet
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He created the first web browser and established the foundational protocols for the web
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He invented the concept of packet-switching
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He was the first to commercialize web browsing software
Explanation
Explanation:
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and created the first web browser while establishing essential protocols such as HTTP and HTML. These contributions allowed for structured information sharing and accessibility over the internet, forming the foundation for modern web technologies.
Correct Answer:
He created the first web browser and established the foundational protocols for the web
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
He developed the first search engine for the internet
Search engines were developed later by other individuals; Berners-Lee focused on the web infrastructure.
He invented the concept of packet-switching
Packet-switching predates the Web and was developed by researchers such as Paul Baran and Donald Davies.
He was the first to commercialize web browsing software
Berners-Lee promoted open standards and accessibility rather than commercialization of web software.
Who is credited with the development of the first software that enabled the sending and receiving of email messages?
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Ray Tomlinson
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Vannevar Bush
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Douglas Engelbart
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Tim Berners-Lee
Explanation
Explanation:
Ray Tomlinson is widely recognized as the inventor of email. In 1971, while working on the ARPANET project, he developed a program that allowed messages to be sent between computers using the “@” symbol to separate the user name from the host machine. This innovation created the foundation of modern email communication by enabling direct electronic messaging across networked computers.
Correct Answer:
Ray Tomlinson
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Vannevar Bush
He proposed early concepts of hypertext and information sharing in his “Memex” idea but did not create email software.
Douglas Engelbart
Known for pioneering work in interactive computing and the computer mouse, Engelbart did not invent the first email system.
Tim Berners-Lee
He invented the World Wide Web in the 1980s, which came after the creation of email and serves a different purpose focused on web-based information sharing.
Which technological innovation has significantly changed workplace ethics by enabling constant connectivity and monitoring of employees?
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Telecommuting software and mobile devices
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Mechanical typewriters
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Analog telephones
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Printed encyclopedias
Explanation
Explanation:
Telecommuting software and mobile devices allow employers to monitor, communicate with, and assign tasks to employees virtually at any time. This constant connectivity raises ethical issues such as work-life balance, privacy, and employee autonomy. While these tools increase efficiency, they also blur boundaries between personal and professional life, requiring careful ethical consideration.
Correct Answer:
Telecommuting software and mobile devices
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Mechanical typewriters
Typewriters are limited to producing documents and have no capacity for real-time monitoring or remote connectivity.
Analog telephones
Analog telephones allow voice communication but do not enable constant tracking or digital oversight of employee activities.
Printed encyclopedias
Printed encyclopedias provide information but do not impact workplace monitoring or connectivity in any ethical sense.
Which emerging technology raises significant ethical concerns about individual privacy due to its ability to collect and analyze personal data on a massive scale?
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Blockchain systems
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Artificial intelligence with facial recognition
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Traditional telephone networks
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Manual record keeping
Explanation
Explanation:
Artificial intelligence with facial recognition enables real-time identification and tracking of individuals without their consent, creating profound privacy and surveillance concerns. This technology can be used by governments or corporations to monitor people’s movements and behaviors, challenging ethical norms around autonomy and informed consent.
Correct Answer:
Artificial intelligence with facial recognition
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Blockchain systems
While blockchain raises issues such as environmental impact, it is primarily valued for its transparency and security rather than for large-scale personal surveillance.
Traditional telephone networks
These are established communication systems and do not inherently involve advanced data analysis that threatens privacy on the scale of AI surveillance.
Manual record keeping
Manual records lack the speed and reach to gather and analyze personal data at the massive scale that triggers current privacy debates.
________ results when leisure time and available tools allow us to engage in creative acts.
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Spam
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Distributed computing
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Cognitive surplus
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Affective computing
Explanation
Explanation:
Cognitive surplus refers to the collective creativity and productivity that emerges when people have free time and access to the tools necessary to create, collaborate, and share. The term captures the idea that when individuals use their spare time and modern technology creatively, they can produce significant cultural and informational contributions.
Correct Answer:
Cognitive surplus
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Spam
Spam is unwanted or irrelevant messages sent over the internet, not a product of creative engagement.
Distributed computing
This is a method of using multiple computers to work on a single problem simultaneously, not specifically tied to human leisure and creativity.
Affective computing
Affective computing involves systems that can recognize or simulate human emotions, unrelated to the concept of people using free time for creative acts.
In the context of Act Utilitarianism, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the principle of maximizing overall happiness?
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A doctor decides to withhold a life-saving treatment from a patient because it is expensive, despite the patient's wishes
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A company chooses to pollute a river to save costs, resulting in a small profit but harming the local community's health.
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A community organizes a festival that brings joy to many residents, despite some minor inconveniences for a few neighbors
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An individual donates to a charity that helps a small number of people, while ignoring a larger crisis affecting many others
Explanation
Explanation:
Act Utilitarianism evaluates each individual action based on whether it produces the greatest net happiness or utility for the greatest number of people. The community festival scenario demonstrates this principle because the collective joy and positive experiences for many outweigh the relatively minor inconveniences experienced by a few neighbors. This action clearly maximizes overall happiness in a direct and measurable way.
Correct Answer:
A community organizes a festival that brings joy to many residents, despite some minor inconveniences for a few neighbors.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
A doctor decides to withhold a life-saving treatment from a patient because it is expensive, despite the patient's wishes
This choice reduces overall happiness by causing avoidable suffering and death, outweighing any cost savings.
A company chooses to pollute a river to save costs, resulting in a small profit but harming the local community's health
The harm to many people’s health and the environment greatly exceeds the limited financial gain, failing to maximize happiness.
An individual donates to a charity that helps a small number of people, while ignoring a larger crisis affecting many others
This action neglects opportunities to create greater overall benefit and therefore does not align with Act Utilitarianism’s focus on maximizing total happiness.
According to John Rawls's Principles of Justice, which of the following statements best reflects the difference principle?
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Social and economic inequalities are acceptable only if they benefit the most advantaged members of society
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Inequalities must be arranged so that they are to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society
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Everyone should have equal access to all social and economic positions regardless of their abilities
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Basic rights and liberties can be limited if they serve the greater good of the majority
Explanation
Explanation:
John Rawls’s difference principle states that social and economic inequalities are justified only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society. This principle aims to ensure that inequalities in wealth, income, or social status work to improve the welfare of those who are worst off. Rawls emphasizes that while some inequality may motivate productivity and innovation, it must ultimately raise the floor of society to protect the most vulnerable.
Correct Answer:
Inequalities must be arranged so that they are to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Social and economic inequalities are acceptable only if they benefit the most advantaged members of society
This reverses Rawls’s principle; benefiting the most advantaged contradicts his focus on aiding the least advantaged.
Everyone should have equal access to all social and economic positions regardless of their abilities
This idea aligns more with the fair equality of opportunity principle, not specifically the difference principle.
Basic rights and liberties can be limited if they serve the greater good of the majority
Rawls protects basic rights and liberties as inviolable and not subject to sacrifice for majority benefit.
Which of the following statements accurately describes a significant development in the evolution of graphical user interfaces?
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The Alto personal computer was the first to use a command-line interface
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Steve Jobs' visit to Xerox PARC in 1979 inspired the design of the Macintosh
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Microsoft Windows was initially released in 1984 and became dominant immediately
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Doug Engelbart's demo in 1968 introduced the concept of touchscreens
Explanation
Explanation:
In 1979, Steve Jobs and members of the Apple team visited Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) and were introduced to revolutionary technologies, including the graphical user interface and the use of a mouse. This visit directly influenced the design and development of the Apple Macintosh, which popularized GUI-based computing for the mass market. Xerox PARC’s innovations became a foundational inspiration for Apple’s interface design.
Correct Answer:
Steve Jobs' visit to Xerox PARC in 1979 inspired the design of the Macintosh
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
The Alto personal computer was the first to use a command-line interface
The Xerox Alto was notable for pioneering the graphical user interface, not for using a command-line interface, so this statement is inaccurate.
Microsoft Windows was initially released in 1984 and became dominant immediately
Microsoft Windows was first released in 1985, and it did not achieve dominance immediately; it gained widespread popularity later in the 1990s.
Doug Engelbart's demo in 1968 introduced the concept of touchscreens
Engelbart’s famous “Mother of All Demos” showcased the computer mouse, hypertext, and early GUI concepts, not touchscreens.
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